ANALYSIS OF ThE STATE OF ThE LABOR MARKET IN ThE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKhSTAN

The purpose of this article is to review and analyze the dynamics of the state of employment of the population and an overview of key indicators of employment and unemployment, the growing level of mismatch between supply and demand in the labor market over the past few years. In the process of considering the features of the labor market, the specifics, trends and patterns inherent in the labor market are indicated. Assessing the state of the labor market in modern conditions, it can be noted that the carrier of labor relations in society is the active part of the population, and therefore, the real value is the state and availability of resources for labor activity as a factor shaping the labor market. The main difference of the labor market in Kazakhstan is the high level of hidden unemployment, which, on the one hand, is a reserve for the expansion of production, and on the other hand, can become an important factor in the destabilization of social relations with the deterioration of the economic situation. The modern labor market is characterized by the presence of certain problems, among which it is necessary to note the discrepancy between the personnel needs of employers and the professional competencies of people who submit their candidacy for consideration.Employment and unemployment indicators in terms of gender are also characterized by features that arise from various factors. In this regard, the urgency of finding ways to smooth out inconsistencies and contradictions between the supply of labor and the demand for it is growing.


Introduction
In the conditions of modern development of economic relations, the labor market occupies an important place. On the one hand, it is an element of the economic system and the national welfare, the stability of society and the effectiveness of socio-economic transformations depend on the effectiveness of its functioning. At the same time, acting as an independent system, it can be reflected on the impact of this development on the well-being of the population and the nature of many social processes, strengthening or smoothing out the contradictions that arise.Currently, a complex and contradictory process of economic transformation is continuing in Kazakhstan, with profound changes taking place in the system of labor relations. The main direction of this process is the formation of the labor market, which radically changes the entire system of labor relations.In addition, employment is a kind of indicator that should be used to assess national welfare, the effectiveness of the chosen course of reforms and their attractiveness to the population.

Literature review
The issue of labor market is actual in any time of development of economic thought. Such founders of the conceptual theories of the labor market and employment as A. Smith, W. Petty, D. Ricardo were engaged in investigation of this issue. The works of K. Marx, J. Keynes, M. Friedman and others comprehensively analyze the historical patterns of the development of the labor market, the validity and methods of its regulation.Among Kazakhscientists who conducted a full-scale analysis of labor market regulationson the part of the state, they are R.A. Baizholov, B.A. Mukashev, L.O. Demushkin, K.S. Mustafaeva, Z.T. Dosanov, R.R. Tikzhanov, M.S. Bukaev. There are labor market regulationmeasures that can be foundin works of Kazakhstani authors, whilefundamental participation in this lies with the state. Nevertheless, the problem of analyzing labor market indicators is relevant on an ongoing basis due to updating and changing labor market indicators.

Materials and methods
During the investigation and analyses such methods as analysis, synthesis, as well as methods of absolute and relative differences were used. Data from official sources were also used in this article.

Main provisions
Solving the problems of the modern labor market and employment is impossible without analyzing such a complex socio-economic phenomenon as unemployment. Below, table 1 shows data on the number of unemployed in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 3 years.  Table 1 demonstrates that the number of employees has been changed in recent years. Currently, according to the National Statistics Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which does not reflect the real situation, more than 800,000 people do not have a job, but are actively looking for it; almost 442,4 thousand people are registered with the Employment Service as unemployed.
In general, the increase in the number of unemployed is associated with the global economic crisis. Manufacturers have to save money and reduce production. One of the most common ways to save money is to reduce staff. When people are downsizing en masse, the unemployment rate rises. In 11 regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, unemployment exceeds the national average (5.7%). In 2020th mid, the highest unemployment rate recorded in the South Kazakhstan region (6.3%) and the lowest in Almaty (4.2%). In the post-crisis state programs of the economy of Kazakhstan discussed today, unemployment is presenting as a result and consequence of economic policy, and therefore the fight against unemployment is not given a strategic role in the system of state regulation measures. Meanwhile, unemployment has already reached a level that largely determines its future dynamics. The dynamics of unemployment by gender is shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 shows that in 2020, the unemployment rate among women (62%) compared to men (38%). The structure of the employment sector, which has been developing in recent years, has changed somewhat in 2020. Industry remains the main industry in terms of the number of employees -40.0% (in 2019-41.6%). 10.4% of employees were employed in education, 10.2% -in healthcare, physical education and social security institutions, 9.2% -in transport and communications, 7.8% -in management, 4.7% -in housing and communal services, 3.6% -in construction. At the beginning of 2021, 451,000 people were registered as unemployed, which is 17.3% less than at the end of 2019. The unemployment rate at the beginning of 2021 was 4.9%. The hidden unemployment rate estimated to be 0.6% of the economically active population.Among the registered unemployed at the end of 2019, as in previous years, the proportion of women (62%) is significantly higher than among those registered in 2020 (38%). The average age of the unemployed was 43.9 years, the employed population was 39.5 years. Young people under the age of 25 make up 28% of the unemployed and 11% of the workingage population, and 55 years and older -6% and 9%, respectively. The number of persons registered with the employment authorities as unemployed at the end of January 2019 amounted to 44.1 thousand people, or 0.5% of the economically active population. The level of employment and education varies significantly. The share of unemployed who have received secondary vocational education is high (the end of 2020 -36.7%, among those who enrolled in the period 2019 -34.9%) (see Figure 2)  Figure 2 shows that in 2020, the share of unemployed with higher education prevails (43.9%). Secondary specialized education -31.6%, secondary and incomplete secondary education -20.4%. There is a fact that the population with general secondary and secondary vocational education occupies the largest share of unemployed by level of education. According to forecasts, the improvement of the labor market situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan is expected only in the second half of 2021. Next year, total unemployment will continue to decline, and the average annual rate will decrease -5.2%. The following reasons indicated as the reasons for unemployment: 16% were dismissed for various reasons; 84% did not find a job after graduation. Methods of job searching that are widely used among graduates of colleges and universities shown in Figure 3 (p. 240). In order to find a job, out of all respondents: 8% of all respondents applied to the employment service, 62% were looking for a job on their own, 10% applied for assistance to their relatives, acquaintances, and so on, 14% applied to job advertisements, 6% did not take any action.

Results and discussion
From the beginning of the 90s of the XX century to the beginning of the XXI century, the Republic of Kazakhstan was at the first stage of the formation of the labor market. It characterized by: inefficient employment; low level of remuneration; low social, professional and territorial mobility of the population.Today, the situation is changing: positive trends in the economic development of the country help to overcome the imbalances of the Kazakh labor market. The current stage of development of the labor market in Kazakhstan could characterized by the following features. At the end of 2020 -beginning of 2021, 9.2 million people out of the 18.8 million population in Kazakhstan, or about 69.2% of the total population of the country, are economically active.
The dynamics of growth and reduction of unemployment is presented in the table 2. As Table 2 demonstrates, the unemployment rate increased by 3.8% from 2018 to 2019 and unchanged from 2019 to 2020. As Table 3 shows, the number of economically active population is increasing by 0.3% by 2019 compared to 2018. In particular, the percentage of people employed in the economy increases by 1.1% by 2019 compared to 2018 and decreases by 0.4% in 2020. The distribution of employees by the main sectors of the Kazakh economy is presented in Table 4.  Table 4 shows that in 2018-2019, the number of people employed in such industries as construction (by 25%), finance (by 18%), as well as wholesale and retail trade (by 11%) significantly increased. The number of people employed in such industries as agriculture and forestry (by 14%), healthcare (by 5%) has significantly decreased in 2018-2019. The largest percentage of the number of employed in 2019 is present in such industries as finance and wholesale and retail trade (68% and 65%). Transport (12%), communications (7%), housing and communal services (8%) have the lowest percentage. In 2020, there was a slight decrease in the percentage of employment in almost all sectors, and only health, education and other industries showed an increase. The distribution of employees in the Kazakh economy by professional groups presented in Table 5.  Currently, more than half of the people employed in the economy work at private enterprises. In 2019-2020, the number of service sector workers in the Republic of Kazakhstan increased by almost 1.5 times, specialists of the highest qualification level -by 1.3 times, managers -by 10%, the number of semi-skilled workers remained almost unchanged. At the same time, there were 15% fewer unskilled workers. Today, the employment structure of Kazakhstan consists of three approximately equal parts: high-level groups (managers, specialists of the highest and average skill levels), medium (skilled workers, information preparation workers, service sector workers) and low professional qualifications (agricultural workers, semi-skilled and unskilled). Thus, the most qualified professional groups (as well as service sector workers) showed the main types of growth, while the number of the least qualified groups decreased or remained unchanged.
As for the labor force with basic or primary general education, the main sphere of employment of labor is not industry, as for all other groups, but agriculture. It employs 31% and 59% of employees belonging to these groups, respectively. The richest knowledge sectors of the economy of Kazakhstan are information services, business services, geology, education, science, finance and public administration, where 1/3-2/3 of all employees have higher education. The opposite pole represented by agriculture, as well as transport and housing, where only 7-14% of workers have academic degrees. The majority of Kazakhstani managers have higher (59%) or secondary (26%) professional education. Among highly qualified specialists, almost everyone has academic diplomas.
Skilled and semi-skilled workers are divided into three main groups: secondary vocational education, primary vocational education and general secondary education. Each of them accounts for 20-35% of employees with these specialties. Finally, among unskilled workers, secondary school graduates predominate, whose share in this professional group exceeds 40%.

Conclusion
In conclusion, young people are in a category of increased risk, therefore: 1) to be out of work at all -their share among the unemployed is relatively high (25%), 2) to find a job in the shadow sector of the economy -the share of informal employment is 56% in the total mass of young people, 3) find a workplace with the worst working conditions -temporary, lowpaid and unskilled, 19%. Assessing the state of the labor market in modern conditions, we can say that the carrier of labor relations in society is the active part of the population, and therefore, the real value is the state and availability of resources for labor activity as a factor shaping the labor market. When forming a model of the labor market of Kazakhstan, the contours of the market are drawn, focusing on the geographical and professional movement of the workforce. The main difference of the labor market in Kazakhstan is the high level of hidden unemployment, which, on the one hand, is a reserve for the expansion of production, and on the other hand, can become an important factor in the destabilization of social relations with the deterioration of the economic situation.Thus, it can be concluded that the majority of respondents still prefer to look for a job with a high salary. The majority of respondents rightly believe that for a good job they must have a good specialty and qualifications, as well as higher education. An analysis of employers' hiring preferences suggests that most of them have not yet developed correct ideas about the advantages of young people with modern vocational education in a market economy. These ideas should be formed in the process of their interaction, the development of social partnership with interested participants in the labor market: educational institutions, employment services, youth and trade union organizations, etc. This is a rather dangerous symptom of public consciousness, since the situation will not change until the majority of the population understands that an increase in unemployment is possible if there are real, not simulated efforts of the authorities. к.Е. ИЗГУТТИЕВА,* 1 докторант. *e-mail: kuralaika92@mail.ru A.A. МУХАМЕДЖАНоВА, 2 PhD. e-mail: aigul-m-73@mail.ru M.A. МУкАНоВА, 2 магистр, преподаватель. e-mail: mukanova456@gmail.com 1 Университет «Туран», г. Алматы, Казахстан 2 Учреждение «Esil University», г. Нур-Султан, Казахстан