<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">turan</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник университета «Туран»</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of "Turan" University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1562-2959</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2959-1236</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет «Туран»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46914/1562-2959-2025-1-3-137-152</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">turan-4834</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОНОМИКА: ИСТОРИЯ, ТЕОРИЯ, ПРАКТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ECONOMY: HISTORY, THEORY, PRACTICE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Логистическое партнерство Казахстана и Китая: инвестиции и развитие транспортных коридоров</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Logistics partnership between Kazakhstan and China: investments and development of transport corridors</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5851-9505</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еримпашаева</surname><given-names>А. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yerimpasheva</surname><given-names>A. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.э.н, ассоциированный профессор</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>c.e.s., associate professor</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aidayerimpasheva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9401-1573</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Таракбаева</surname><given-names>Р. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tarakbaeva</surname><given-names>R. Ye.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., ассоциированный профессор</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>c.t.s., associate professor</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">raushan_29@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8421-5150</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мырзахметова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Myrzakhmetova</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.э.н., ассоциированный профессор</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>c.e.s., associate professor</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aida.myrzakhmetova@kaznu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3738-8446</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Люй</surname><given-names>Чжилэй</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyu</surname><given-names>Zhilei</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докторант</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD candidate</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lyuy_chzhiley2@live.kaznu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Казахский национальный университет имени аль-Фараби<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Al-Farabi Kazakh National University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Университет «Туран»<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Turan University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>137</fpage><lpage>152</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Еримпашаева А.Т., Таракбаева Р.Е., Мырзахметова А.М., Люй Ч., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Еримпашаева А.Т., Таракбаева Р.Е., Мырзахметова А.М., Люй Ч.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yerimpasheva A.T., Tarakbaeva R.Y., Myrzakhmetova A.M., Lyu Z.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.turan-edu.kz/jour/article/view/4834">https://vestnik.turan-edu.kz/jour/article/view/4834</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье исследуется инвестиционное сотрудничество между Республикой Казахстан и Китайской Народной Республикой в области логистики и трансграничной торговли с акцентом на стратегические приоритеты и инфраструктурную синергию при развитии трансконтинентальных транспортных коридоров. Целью исследования является анализ эффективности совместных казахстанско-китайских инвестиционных проектов в логистической инфраструктуре (включая сухой порт «Хоргос – Восточные ворота» и интеграцию железнодорожных маршрутов в инициативу «Один пояс – один путь») и оценка их влияния на торговые потоки и транспортные коридоры. Научная значимость работы обусловлена тем, что она дополняет теорию международного экономического сотрудничества новыми данными о практической реализации инициативы «Один пояс – один путь» в Центральной Азии и раскрывает механизмы инфраструктурной интеграции на примере Казахстана. Практическая ценность результатов заключается в формулировке рекомендаций по повышению эффективности логистических узлов и инвестиционных моделей, что может быть использовано при стратегическом планировании транспортных коридоров. Вклад в науку состоит в комплексном анализе кейса сухого порта Хоргос и связанных с ним проектов, выявлении факторов успеха и ограничений (таких как зависимость транзитных перевозок от субсидий и конъюнктуры рынка), а также в обобщении опыта Казахстана и Китая по синхронизации инфраструктурных стратегий. Исследование опирается на методы системного и сравнительного анализа, статистический обзор торгово-транспортных показателей, кейс-стади и контент-анализ документов</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines the investment cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the People’s Republic of China in the field of logistics and cross-border trade, focusing on strategic priorities and infrastructural synergy in the development of transcontinental transport corridors. The purpose of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of joint Kazakh-Chinese investment projects in logistics infrastructure (including the Khorgos “Eastern Gate” dry port and the integration of railway routes into the Belt and Road Initiative) and to assess their impact on trade flows and transport corridors. The scientific significance of this work lies in enriching the Theory of International Economic Cooperation with new evidence from the practical implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia, as well as in revealing the mechanisms of infrastructure integration, using Kazakhstan as a case study. The practical value of the results is reflected in recommendations aimed at improving the efficiency of logistics hubs and investment models, which can inform the strategic planning of transport corridors. The contribution of this research is a comprehensive analysis of the Khorgos dry port case and related projects, identifying key success factors and limitations (such as the dependence of transit shipments on subsidies and market conditions) and synthesizing the experience of Kazakhstan and China in aligning their infrastructure strategies. The study employs methods of systems and comparative analysis, a statistical review of trade and transport indicators, case studies, and content analysis of official documents.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>логистика</kwd><kwd>трансграничная торговля</kwd><kwd>сухие порты</kwd><kwd>транспорт</kwd><kwd>коридоры</kwd><kwd>инвестиции</kwd><kwd>сотрудничество</kwd><kwd>партнерство</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>logistics</kwd><kwd>cross-border trade</kwd><kwd>dry ports</kwd><kwd>transport</kwd><kwd>corridors</kwd><kwd>investment</kwd><kwd>cooperation</kwd><kwd>partnership</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kemelova F. Kazakhstan, China Deepen Strategic Partnership, sign 24 agreements. 2025. URL: https://astanatimes.com/2025/06/kazakhstan-china-deepen-strategic-partnership-sign-24-agreements (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1 Kemelova F. Kazakhstan, China Deepen Strategic Partnership, sign 24 agreements. 2025. URL: https://astanatimes.com/2025/06/kazakhstan-china-deepen-strategic-partnership-sign-24-agreements (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bekenstein J. Weakening Kazakh optimism about Khorgos. 2025. URL: https://medium.com/thehillhouse-newsletter/weakening-kazakh-optimism-about-khorgos-ca987b701c0f (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">2 Bekenstein J. Weakening Kazakh optimism about Khorgos. 2025. URL: https://medium.com/thehillhouse-newsletter/weakening-kazakh-optimism-about-khorgos-ca987b701c0f (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harutyunyan A.A. China-Kazakhstan: cooperation within the belt and road and Nurly Zhol // Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies. 2022, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 281–297.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">3 Harutyunyan A.A. China-Kazakhstan: cooperation within the belt and road and Nurly Zhol // Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies. 2022, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 281–297.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grant A. Crossing Khorgos: Soft Power, security, and suspect loyalties at the Sino-Kazakh boundary // Political Geography. 2020, vol. 76, p. 102070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">4 Grant A. Crossing Khorgos: Soft Power, security, and suspect loyalties at the Sino-Kazakh boundary // Political Geography. 2020, vol. 76, p. 102070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rafiq M. Economic Gains of Kazakhstan in Wake of Shifting Supply Chains. 2022. URL: https://astanatimes.com/2022/08/economic-gains-of-kazakhstan-in-wake-of-shifting-supply-chains (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">5 Rafiq M. Economic Gains of Kazakhstan in Wake of Shifting Supply Chains. 2022. URL: https://astanatimes.com/2022/08/economic-gains-of-kazakhstan-in-wake-of-shifting-supply-chains (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rygzynov T.Sh. et.al. Efficiency of transport infrastructure in Asian Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan in the context of creating new Trans-Eurasian transport corridors // Sustainability. 2023, vol. 15, no. 12, p. 9714. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129714</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">6 Rygzynov T.Sh. et.al. Efficiency of transport infrastructure in Asian Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan in the context of creating new Trans-Eurasian transport corridors // Sustainability. 2023, vol. 15, no. 12, p. 9714. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129714</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwan S. Kazakhstan – China railway cargo transportation reaches record high in 2024. 2025. URL: https://astanatimes.com/2025/01/kazakh-china-rail-cargo-transportation-reaches-record-32-million-tonsin-2024 (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">7 Kwan S. Kazakhstan – China railway cargo transportation reaches record high in 2024. 2025. URL: https://astanatimes.com/2025/01/kazakh-china-rail-cargo-transportation-reaches-record-32-million-tonsin-2024 (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohseni S., van Hassel E., Vanelslander T. Assessing the impact on mode competitiveness of improvements of the Trans-Eurasian railway network // Journal of Shipping and Trade. 2025, vol. 10, no. 1. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41072-025-00193-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">8 Mohseni S., van Hassel E., Vanelslander T. Assessing the impact on mode competitiveness of improvements of the Trans-Eurasian railway network // Journal of Shipping and Trade. 2025, vol. 10, no. 1. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41072-025-00193-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madiyarova D.M., Yong W. Prospects of the Khorgos Free Economic Zone // Sustainable Development Risks and Risk Management: A Systemic View from the Positions of Economics and Law. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. P. 291–296.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">9 Madiyarova D.M., Yong W. Prospects of the Khorgos Free Economic Zone // Sustainable Development Risks and Risk Management: A Systemic View from the Positions of Economics and Law. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. P. 291–296.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Idrysheva Z., Zhumatay G., Bainazar Z. Transport and logistic opportunities of Kazakhstan within «New economic belt» // KazNU Bulletin. Series: International Relations and International Law. 2019, no. 85(1), pp. 90–102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">10 Idrysheva Z., Zhumatay G., Bainazar Z. Transport and logistic opportunities of Kazakhstan within «New economic belt» // KazNU Bulletin. Series: International Relations and International Law. 2019, no. 85(1), pp. 90–102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karabasov I.S., Adilova N.J.U., Alik A. Optimization of International Multimodal Transportation Along the Corridors of the Republic of Kazakhstan // Logistics and Transport. 2017, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 89–94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">11 Karabasov I.S., Adilova N.J.U., Alik A. Optimization of International Multimodal Transportation Along the Corridors of the Republic of Kazakhstan // Logistics and Transport. 2017, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 89–94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tleulina A. International Experience of Creation Logistic Park // International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Economy. 2020, no. 1(28), pp. 36–47. URL: https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijite/31032020/6963</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">12 Tleulina A. International Experience of Creation Logistic Park // International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Economy. 2020, no. 1(28), pp. 36–47. URL: https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijite/31032020/6963</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kostianoy A.G., Knyazev N.A., Lavrova O.Y., Koibakova S.E., Syrlybekkyzy S. Oil pollution near the ports of Aktau, Kuryk and Ersai (the Caspian Sea): Satellite and in-situ data // Ecologica Montenegrina. 2024, vol. 76, pp. 63–76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">13 Kostianoy A.G., Knyazev N.A., Lavrova O.Y., Koibakova S.E., Syrlybekkyzy S. Oil pollution near the ports of Aktau, Kuryk and Ersai (the Caspian Sea): Satellite and in-situ data // Ecologica Montenegrina. 2024, vol. 76, pp. 63–76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keohane R.O., Nye Jr J.S. Power and interdependence revisited // International Organization. 1987, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 725–753.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">14 Keohane R.O., Nye Jr J.S. Power and interdependence revisited // International Organization. 1987, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 725–753.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ravenhill J. Global value chains and development // Review of International Political Economy. 2014, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 264–274.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">15 Ravenhill J. Global value chains and development // Review of International Political Economy. 2014, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 264–274.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milner H. International theories of cooperation among nations: Strengths and weaknesses // World Politics. 1992, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 466–496.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">16 Milner H. International theories of cooperation among nations: Strengths and weaknesses // World Politics. 1992, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 466–496.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khissimova D. Cargo traffic of KTZE-Khorgos Gateway Dry Port on Kazakh–Chinese border continues operation despite pandemic. 2021. URL: https://astanatimes.com/2021/08/cargo-traffic-of-ktze-khorgosgateway-dry-port-on-kazakh-chinese-border-continues-operation-despite-pandemic (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">17 Khissimova D. Cargo traffic of KTZE-Khorgos Gateway Dry Port on Kazakh–Chinese border continues operation despite pandemic. 2021. URL: https://astanatimes.com/2021/08/cargo-traffic-of-ktze-khorgosgateway-dry-port-on-kazakh-chinese-border-continues-operation-despite-pandemic (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Autalipov D. Kazakhstan as a Natural Transit Bridge in the System of Eurasian Trade and Economic Routes: Turning Weaknesses into Advantages. 2021. URL: https://land-locked.org (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">18 Autalipov D. Kazakhstan as a Natural Transit Bridge in the System of Eurasian Trade and Economic Routes: Turning Weaknesses into Advantages. 2021. URL: https://land-locked.org (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Transport and logistics in Kazakhstan. AIFC.kz. 2024. URL: https://aifc.kz/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2.3-transport-and-logistics-in-kazakhstan-april-2024.pdf (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">19 Transport and logistics in Kazakhstan. AIFC.kz. 2024. URL: https://aifc.kz/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2.3-transport-and-logistics-in-kazakhstan-april-2024.pdf (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruehl H. The Khorgos Hype on the Belt and Road. 2019. URL: https://thediplomat.com/2019/09/thekhorgos-hype-on-the-belt-and-road (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">20 Ruehl H. The Khorgos Hype on the Belt and Road. 2019. URL: https://thediplomat.com/2019/09/thekhorgos-hype-on-the-belt-and-road (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urankayeva Z. Khorgos dry port to process more than 500,000 containers by 2020. 2016. URL: https://astanatimes.com/2016/11/khorgos-dry-port-to-process-more-than-500000-containers-by-2020 (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">21 Urankayeva Z. Khorgos dry port to process more than 500,000 containers by 2020. 2016. URL: https://astanatimes.com/2016/11/khorgos-dry-port-to-process-more-than-500000-containers-by-2020 (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Leijen M. A 3rd railway port between China and Kazakhstan: Where is it? 2025. URL: https://www.railfreight.com/beltandroad/2022/11/04/a-3rd-railway-port-between-china-and-kazakhstan-where-is-it (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">22 van Leijen M. A 3rd railway port between China and Kazakhstan: Where is it? 2025. URL: https://www.railfreight.com/beltandroad/2022/11/04/a-3rd-railway-port-between-china-and-kazakhstan-where-is-it (accessed: 21.06.2025)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zharkov S.A. The Middle Corridor (TITR) – High Expectations and Harsh Realities. Tomsk: Center for Eurasian Studies, Tomsk State University, 2024. – 10 p. URL: https://eurasian-studies.tsu.ru (accessed: 29.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">23 Zharkov S.A. The Middle Corridor (TITR) – High Expectations and Harsh Realities. Tomsk: Center for Eurasian Studies, Tomsk State University, 2024. – 10 p. URL: https://eurasian-studies.tsu.ru (accessed: 29.06.2025)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эффективность автоэкспорта через КПП Хоргос возросла на 80%. CGTN Russian. 2025. URL: https://russian.cgtn.com/news/2025-03-16 (accessed: 29.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">24 Jeffektivnost' avtojeksporta cherez KPP Horgos vozrosla na 80%. CGTN Russian. 2025. URL: https://russian.cgtn.com/news/2025-03-16 (accessed: 29.06.2025). (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Центр «Хоргос» возобновляет работу после трёхлетнего простоя. Радио Азаттык. 2025. URL: https://rus.azattyq.org/a/32372176.html (accessed: 29.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">25 Centr «Horgos» vozobnovljaet rabotu posle trjohletnego prostoja. Radio Azattyk. 2025. URL: https://rus.azattyq.org/a/32372176.html (accessed: 29.06.2025). (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dukeyev B. How local realities compelled China to adapt its soft-power strategy in Kazakhstan. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2024. URL: https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2024/09/kazakhstan-china-soft-power-adaptation?lang=en (accessed: 29.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">26 Dukeyev B. How local realities compelled China to adapt its soft-power strategy in Kazakhstan. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2024. URL: https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2024/09/kazakhstan-china-soft-power-adaptation?lang=en (accessed: 29.06.2025)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belt and Road a boon for Kazakhstan’s development. China Daily. 2023. URL: https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202310/16/WS652c7867a31090682a5e8a5f.html (accessed: 29.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">27 Belt and Road a boon for Kazakhstan’s development. China Daily. 2023. URL: https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202310/16/WS652c7867a31090682a5e8a5f.html (accessed: 29.06.2025)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Казахстан и Китай подписали Меморандум о взаимопонимании для совместных проектов в области зеленых технологий. Gov.kz. 2025. URL: https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mti/press/news/details/846536?lang=ru (accessed: 29.06.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">28 Kazahstan i Kitaj podpisali Memorandum o vzaimoponimanii dlja sovmestnyh proektov v oblasti zelenyh tehnologij. Gov.kz. 2025. URL: https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mti/press/news/details/846536?lang=ru (accessed: 29.06.2025). (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smagulova A. et al. Economic transformation and environmental impact in Central Asia: A case study of Kazakhstan’s shift to renewable energy // International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 2025, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 209–220. URL: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.18104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">29 Smagulova A. et al. Economic transformation and environmental impact in Central Asia: A case study of Kazakhstan’s shift to renewable energy // International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 2025, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 209–220. URL: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.18104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brauweiler H.-Ch. et al. The Success Model to Manage the Cross-Border Infrastructure Projects // Inshakova E.I., Inshakova A.O. (eds) New Technology for Inclusive and Sustainable Growth. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol. 287. Singapore: Springer, 2022, pp. 47–61. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9804-0_5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">30 Brauweiler H.-Ch. et al. The Success Model to Manage the Cross-Border Infrastructure Projects // Inshakova E.I., Inshakova A.O. (eds) New Technology for Inclusive and Sustainable Growth. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol. 287. Singapore: Springer, 2022, pp. 47–61. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9804-0_5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
