The article examines the main factors of uncertainty and risk that influence economic decision-making in Kazakhstan. In the context of dynamic changes in political, economic, and social spheres, the country faces various challenges that complicate strategic planning and management. Special attention is given to political and economic uncertainty, international factors, social risks, and technological threats. The article concludes that structural reforms and economic diversification are necessary to minimize risks and create a predictable economic environment. The study of these factors will help better understand how to mitigate economic risks and ensure stable development of the country under conditions of uncertainty. Kazakhstan also depends on global oil prices and other natural resources, which generates economic instability. A drop in oil prices can lead to budget deficits and crises in certain industries. Other economic risks include fluctuations in the tenge exchange rate, inflation, potential banking crises, and limited opportunities for economic diversification. To minimize risks, it is important to implement structural reforms, diversify the economy, and develop the legal framework to create a predictable and sustainable economic environment. In light of global challenges, geopolitical instability in neighboring countries, and climate change, managing risks and uncertainty becomes critically important for Kazakhstan’s sustainable development. The relevance of the topic is further emphasized by the need for economic diversification, attracting investments, and adapting to new technological changes. However, changes in legislation and non-transparent business conditions may raise concerns among investors.