The role of language and education in self-identification and integration of kandas into Kazakhstan society

The purpose of this article is to determine the role of language and education in the self-identification and socioeconomic integration of repatriates into Kazakh society. The study is based on an analysis of historical materials, a comparison of statistical data and scientific works on this topic, as well as the results of field research – narrative biographical interviews with kandas, which were conducted in 3 regions of Kazakhstan: Almaty region, Esik; East Kazakhstan region, Shygys village; and North Kazakhstan region, the village of Sergeevka. These field studies were carried out in July-August 2023 under the project “Identification aspects of the integration of Kandas into Kazakh society”, dedicated to the problems of adaptation and integration of repatriates in Kazakhstan. The article examines various aspects related to language problems, such as insufficient knowledge of the Russian language, the impact of the language issue on self-identification and sociocultural adaptation and economic integration of the kandas. The article also examines the economic opportunities of repatriates depending on their level of education as well as education programs are offered by the state for young repatriates. In conclusion, the article summarizes the results and offers recommendations for improving integration mechanisms, such as strengthening language and cultural training; development of professional retraining and advanced training programs; simplification of bureaucratic procedures related to employment and obtaining documents; improving information support and consulting services for repatriates. This study is important for understanding and supporting the process of adaptation of kandas and creating a favorable environment for their socio-economic integration in Kazakh society. The results of the study can be used to develop and improve government programs aimed at supporting repatriates. The recommendations proposed in the article can help improve integration mechanisms and create more favorable conditions for the socioeconomic adaptation of the kandas. Taken together, the scientific significance of the article is manifested in its ability to expand knowledge about the processes of integration of repatriates and provide practical recommendations for improving these processes.

1. Sadovskaja E.Ju. (2001) Migracija v Kazahstane na rubezhe XXI veka: osnovnye tendencii i perspektivy. – Alma-Ata. P. 108–124. (In Russian).

2. Sultanov B.K. (2017) Migracija kak faktor social'no-jekonomicheskogo razvitija prinimajushhih i posylajushhih gosudarstv // Sbornik materialov konferencii «Migranty i voprosy ih inkljuzii v gosudarstvah evrazijskogo prostranstva». Almaty: Issledovatel'skij institut mezhdunarodnogo i regional'nogo sotrudnichestva Kazahstansko-Nemeckogo universiteta, 228 p. (In Russian).

3. Sattarov D. O kazahskoj diaspore. Interv'ju s Gul'naroj Mendikulovoj. URL: https://www.caa-network.org/archives/23917/o-kazahskoj-diaspore-intervyu-s-gulnaroj-mendikulovoj. (In Russian).

4. Bulag U.E. (1998) Nationalism and Hybridity in Mongolia. Oxford University Press, 302 p. (In English).

5. Mendikulova G.M. (1997) Istoricheskie sud'by kazahskoj diaspory. Proishozhdenie i razvitie. Alma-Ata, 265 p. (In Russian).

6. Kaiyrken T.Z., Makhat D.A. (2020) Historical reasons of the chinese kazakhs’ migration to Turkey and Europe (based on the su beihai’s manuscript general history of the kazakhs) // Evrazijskij sojuz uchenyh. No. 7–6(76). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/historical-reasons-of-the-chinese-kazakhs-migration-to-turkey-and-europe-based-on-the-su-beihais-manuscript-general-history. (In English).

7. Nacional'nyĭ sostav, veroispovedanie i vladenie jazykami v Respublike Kazahstan. URL: https://stat.gov.kz/upload/iblock/107/5zkn34tqn5atonvbhoob28p7ebnrbc19/Nacional'nyj%20sostav,%20veroispovedanie%20i%20vladenie%20jazykami%20v%20RK.pdf. (In Russian).

8. Aktual'nye problemy adaptacii i integracii repatriantov // Sbornik materialov mezhdunarodnoĭ nauchno-prakticheskoĭ konferencii. Otv. red. A.E. Agmanova. Astana: Izd-vo TOO «KazServisePrint LTD», 2017. 220 p. (In Russian).

9. Alekseenko A.N. (2015) Chelovek v menjajushhemsja mire. Problemy identichnosti i social'noĭ adaptacii v istorii i sovremennosti / Sb. nauch. st. Tomsk: Tomskiĭ universitet. P. 209–218. (In Russian).

10. Amitov S.A., Sadyrova M.S. (2014) Migracionnye processy v Kazahstane i social'naja adaptacija oralmanov. Sociologicheskij analiz. Palmarium Academic Publishing. P. 220. (In Russian).

11. Altynbekova O.B. (2010) Vlijanie repatriacii oralmanov na jazykovuju situaciju v Kazahstane // Materialy III Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii «Jazykovaja politika i social'no-pravovye aspekty adaptacii migrantov: problemy, realizacija, perspektiva» Tjumen'. P. 10–14. (In Russian).

12. Bokaev B.N., Zharkynbekova Sh.K. (2011) Repatrianty Kazahstana: jetnojazykovaja identifikacija i integracija v obshhestvo // Socis. No. 11. P. 54–61. (In Russian).

13. Tynyshbaeva A.A., Zharkynbekova Sh.K., Nurtazina M.B. (2005) Integracionnye programmy dlja detej i sem'i jetnicheskih repatriantov // Social'naja modernizacija Kazahstana: problemy i perspektivy. Materialy I-oj Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. –Astana: ENU imeni L.N. Gumileva. P. 166–171. (In Russian).

14. Kaiser M., Beimenbetov S. (2020) The Role of Repatriate Organisations in the Integration of Kazakhstan’s Oralmandar // Europe-Asia studies. Vol. 72. No. 8. P. 1403–1425. (In English).

15. Laruelle M. (2015) The Three Discursive Paradigms of State Identity in Kazakhstan: Kazakhness, Kazakhstanness, and Transnationalism // In Nationalism and Identity Construction in Central Asia: Dimensions, Dynamics, and Directions. Lanham: Lexington Books. P. 1–20. (In English).

16. Rozental' G. (2004) Biograficheskie issledovanija. Praktika kachestvennyh issledovanij. London: Sage. P. 48–64. (In Russian).

17. Jager S., Maier F. (2009) Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Foucaldian Critical Discourse Analysis and Dispositive Analysis. London: Sage, P. 36. (In English).

18. Chernyh I.A. (2017) Jetnicheskie migranty v Kazahstane: faktory ujazvimosti i povedencheskie modeli // Migranty i voprosy ih inkljuzii v gosudarstvah evrazijskogo prostranstva. Sbornik materialov mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii. Almaty, P. 66–82. (In Russian).

19. Bolee 21 tysjachi jetnicheskih kazahov poluchili status kandasa v proshlom godu. URL: https://forbes.kz/news/newsid_316144. (In Russian).

20. Cornell S.E., Starr S.F., Barro A. (2021) Political and Economic Reforms in Kazakhstan Under President Tokayev. Silk Road Paper, . P. 103. (In English).

21. Polozhenie oralmanov v Kazahstane. URL: https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/kz/7023-21565.pdf. (In Russian).