Compatibility of space tourism from the Baikonur Cosmodrome with the concept of sustainable development

Space tourism is becoming a new milestone in space exploration on the horizon of technological development for humanity as a whole, opening commercial prospects and scientific opportunities. However, its development must align with the concept of sustainable development, minimizing environmental and social risks. Baikonur has been one of the main hubs of space tourism in the world since the launch of the first space tourist into orbit. Baikonur plays an important role in launching orbital and suborbital flights, including prospective tourist ones, both in terms of infrastructure and geographical location. This article assesses the compatibility of space tourism development centered on Baikonur with the goals of sustainable development and Kazakhstan’s national “Green Economy” strategy. The article discusses current environmental conditions, regional infrastructure, investment structure, and ongoing sustainability efforts in the Kyzylorda region, as well as their integration into the broader framework of the UN 2030 Agenda and national strategic documents such as “Kazakhstan–2050.”

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