Dynamics of development and strategies for increasing financial inclusion in developing countries

Financial inclusion is a key factor in sustainable economic development, especially in developing countries, where access to financial services directly impacts the economic well-being of the population. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of financial inclusion of the population and identify factors contributing to sustainable growth of key financial inclusion indicators. The focus is on four countries–Argentina, Brazil, India, and Kazakhstan–that have demonstrated stable growth in bank account penetration, borrowing, and deposit activity over the period 2014– 2024. The aim of this work is to identify patterns of financial inclusion, analyze successful government and digital initiatives, and evaluate practical measures to improve financial access for the population. The study is based on Global Findex data, national bank reports and official financial inclusion and literacy strategies to assess both quantitative and qualitative aspects of financial inclusion. The scientific significance of the work lies in the systematization and comparative analysis of the dynamics of financial inclusion, the identification of factors influencing the sustainability of growth, and the determination of the role of digitalization and institutional reforms. The practical value of the study is displayed in the possibility of adapting successful measures and tools in other developing countries, including Kazakhstan, to increase the level of financial inclusion. The study's findings demonstrate that the greatest effectiveness is achieved through the consistent implementation of comprehensive measures that combine institutional reforms, digitalization of financial services, and financial literacy programs. The results of the work can be used to develop national strategies for financial inclusion and improving the financial infrastructure.

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