State regulation of the population’s standard of living: foreign models and possibilities for their adaptation in Kazakhstan

In the context of increasing global economic instability, growing social inequality, and demographic challenges, the issue of state regulation of the population’s standard of living is gaining particular relevance. The effectiveness of social policy and quality of life are largely determined by the scale and efficiency of government intervention, as well as by the institutional capacity of the state to ensure socio-economic stability during periods of crisis. Historical experience of developed countries demonstrates that the role of the state in stabilizing incomes, employment, and access to basic social services intensifies during economic and social shocks. The purpose of this study is to analyze foreign models of state regulation of the population’s standard of living and to identify possibilities for adapting selected mechanisms to the conditions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study examines the evolution of theoretical approaches to social policy, compares liberal, continental, and social-democratic welfare models, and evaluates socio-economic indicators across countries with different institutional systems. The scientific significance of the study lies in its comprehensive comparative analysis of mechanisms for regulating living standards, taking into account institutional, fiscal, and social constraints characteristic of transition economies. The study substantiates the feasibility of developing a hybrid model for Kazakhstan that combines market-based incentives, elements of industrial and social policy, and targeted social support instruments. The practical significance of the research is reflected in the applicability of its results to improving socio-economic development programs6 strengthening social policy priorities, and enhancing mechanisms for regulating incomes, employment and healthcare.

1. Trinkoff A.M., et al. (2020) Comparing residential long-term care regulations between nursing homes and assisted living facilities // Nursing Outlook. Vol. 68. Issue 1. P. 114–122. (In English)

2. Kalashnikov P.A., et al. (2023) Impact of state and legal regulation on the sustainable development of agricultural territories and improving the standard of living of the population // Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism. Vol. 14. No. 1. P. 82–88. https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v14.1(65).08 (In English)

3. Dokholyan S., et al. (2022) Influence of management automation on managerial decision-making in the agro-industrial complex // International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications. Vol. 13. No. 6. P. 597–603. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2022.0130672 (In English)

4. Chernysheva A., Dobrova K., Dobrova E., Kuznetsova V. (2021) Transformation of economic interests in the context of the multipolar world order formation // Economic Annals-XXI. No. 192. Vol. 7–8(2). P. 15–25. https://doi.org/10.21003/ea.V192-02 (In English)

5. Matthews A. (2018) The CAP in the 2021–2027 MFF negotiations // Intereconomics. Vol. 53. No. 6. P. 306–311. (In English)

6. Ramazanov Zh.Sh. (2010) Mirovye social’no-jekonomicheskie modeli i Rossija // Izvestija TPU. No. 6. Р. 16–21. (In Russian)

7. Grishin I. (2005) Shvedskaja model’ obshhestvennogo razvitija: dihotomija rynok–politika // Mirovaja jekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija. No. 11. Р. 79–95. (In Russian)

8. Al-Tit A.A., Al-Ayed S., Alhammadi A., Hunitie M., Alsarayreh A., Albassam W. (2022) The impact of employee development practices on human capital and social capital: the mediating contribution of knowledge management // Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. Vol. 8. No. 4. Article 218. DOI: 10.3390/joitmc8040218 (In English)

9. Amoroso S., Herrmann B., Kritikos A.S. (2024) The role of regulation and regional government quality for high-growth firms: the good, the bad and the ugly // Regional Studies. Vol. 58. No. 9. P. 1710–1727. DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2024.2366289 (In English)

10. Gao J., Wang W., Wu Y. (2024) Human capital portability and careers in finance // Review of Financial Studies. Vol. 37. No. 9. P. 2732–2778. DOI: 10.1093/rfs/hhae033 (In English)

11. Qazaqstan Respublikasy Strategialyq josparlau jäne reformalar jönındegı agenttıgınıñ Ūlttyq statistika bürosy. Halyqtyñ tūrmys deñgeiı statistikasy. 2024. URL: https://stat.gov.kz/ru/industries/labor-and-income/stat-life/ (ötınış berılgen kün: 22.12.2025) (In Kazakh)

12. Lee C.C., Lin C. W., Lee C.C. (2022) Globalization, government regulation, and country risk: international evidence // Journal of International Trade & Economic Development. Vol. 32. No. 1. P. 132–162. DOI: 10.1080/09638199.2022.2079710 (In English)

13. Nik Abdullah N.H., Krishnan S., Mohd Zakaria A.A., Morris G. (2022) Strategic management accounting practices in business: a systematic review of the literature and future research directions // Cogent Business & Management. Vol. 9. No. 1. Article 2093488. DOI: 10.1080/23311975.2022.2093488 (In English)

14. Peng H., Tan H., Zhang Y. (2020) Human capital, financial constraints, and innovation investment persistence // Asian Journal of Technology Innovation. Vol. 28. No. 3. P. 453–475. DOI: 10.1080/19761597.2020.1770616 (In English)

15. Nesterov Ju.A. (2018) Zarubezhnyj opyt povyshenija kachestva zhizni // Postulat. No. 1. Р. 36–42. (In Russian)

16. Klingler-Vidra R., Liu Y. (2020) Inclusive innovation policy as social capital accumulation strategy // International Affairs. Vol. 96. No. 4. P. 1033–1050. DOI: 10.1093/ia/iiaa091 (In English)

17. Tengri News. 27 trillionov tenge rashodov na 2026 god: razbiraem bjudzhet Kazahstana. – 2025. URL: https://tengrinews.kz/article/27-trillionov-tenge-rasxody-2026-god-razbiraem-kazaxstan-3190/ (data obrashhenija: 24.12.2025) (In Russian)

18. Glebova I.S., Berman S.S., Gribovskaya V.A. (2022) Housing construction: problems and prospects (as exemplified by Russia) // Revista Relações Internacionais do Mundo Atual. No. 2(35). P. 182–196. (In English)

19. Alami I., Dixon A.D. (2019) State capitalism(s) redux? Theories, tensions, controversies // Competition & Change. Vol. 24. No. 1. P. 70–94. DOI: 10.1177/1024529419881949 (In English)

20. Nikiforenko E.S., Semenova G.N. (2019) Primenenie jelementov gosudarstvennogo regulirovanija jekonomicheskogo rosta v sovremennyh uslovijah i vozmozhnosti social’no-orientirovannoj jekonomiki // Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. Serija: Jekonomika. No. 2. Р. 8–27. DOI: 10.18384/2310-6646-2019-2-8-27 (In Russian)