For citations:

Kashikov Kh.G., Zhuparova A.S., Doszhan R.D. Electronic money and digital tenge: a comparative analysis of the economic nature, emission patterns, and regulatory implications. Bulletin of "Turan" University. 2026;(3):408-423. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2026-1-3-408-423