Wages in Kazakhstan: main trends and influenting factors

Wages are the main source of income for Kazakhstan’s population and affect the well-being of Kazakhstanis. In this regard, managing wages at different levels becomes important, which requires identifying the main indicators that need to be influenced. The purpose of this article is to determine the factors influencing wages and the main trends in wage changes in Kazakhstan. The main methods of achieving the goal were economic-statistical and correlation analysis with the calculation of the growth coefficient and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The source base was statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period from 2011 to 2022. The study identified the main trends in wage changes in Kazakhstan. Wages are rising in different sectors of the economy. However, wage levels vary significantly across industries. Significant differences are also observed among different positions and qualifications of workers. Factors influencing wages in Kazakhstan include region, gender, economic sector, qualifications, minimum wage, labor productivity, GDP and GDP per capita, average annual population and number of employed people, natural population growth. The results of the study can serve as a scientific basis for the effective implementation of the Program to increase population incomes until 2029.

1. Kovjazina K. Osobennosti potreblenija i finansovogo povedenija kazahstancev. URL: https://ekonomist.kz/kovyazina/osobennosti-potrebleniya-i-finpovedeniya/ (data obrashhenija: 11.08.2023). (In Russian).

2. Poslanie Glavy gosudarstva Kasym-Zhomarta Tokaeva narodu Kazahstana «Edinstvo naroda i sistemnye reformy prochnaja osnova procvetanija strany». URL: https://www.akorda.kz/ru/poslanie-glavy-gosudarstva-kasym-zhomarta-tokaeva-narodu-kazahstana-183048 (data obrashhenija: 11.08.2023). (In Russian).

3. Poslanie Glavy gosudarstva Kasym-Zhomarta Tokaeva narodu Kazahstana «Jekonomicheskij kurs Spravedlivogo Kazahstana». URL: https://www.akorda.kz/ru/poslanie-glavy-gosudarstva-kasym-zhomarta-tokaeva-narodu-kazahstana-ekonomicheskiy-kurs-spravedlivogo-kazahstana-18588 (data obrashhenija: 11.08.2023). (In Russian).

4. Postanovlenie Pravitel'stva Respubliki Kazahstan. Ob utverzhdenii Kompleksnogo plana «Programma povyshenija dohodov naselenija do 2029 goda»: utv. 14 aprelja 2022 goda, no. 218. URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P2200000218 (data obrashhenija: 11.08.2023). (In Russian).

5. Jekonometrika: jelektronnyj uchebnik dlja studentov jekonomicheskih special'nostej. URL: http://elib. kstu.kz/fulltext/books/@Ekonometrika/ (data obrashhenija: 05.08.2023). (In Russian).

6. Krasil'nikova O.A., Afanas'ev E.A. (2013) Analiz absoljutnyh, srednih i otnositel'nyh pokazatelej protjazhennosti vnutrennih vodnyh sudohodnyh putej // Sovremennye naukoemkie tehnologii. No. 8. P. 126– 127. (In Russian).

7. Bajdybekova S.K. (2021) K voprosu sovershenstvovanija oplaty truda v bjudzhetnyh organizacijah Respubliki Kazahstan // Uchet. Analiz. Audit (Accounting. Analysis. Auditing). No. 3(8). P. 17–30. URL: https://doі.org/10.26794/2408-9303-2021-8-3-17-30. (In Russian).

8. Nurmahan E.G. (2019) Innovacionnye metody oplaty i stimulirovanija truda: zarubezhnyj opyt i vnedrenie v praktike Kazahstana // «Vestnik nauki». No. 6(15). P. 160–165. (In Russian).

9. Oplata truda v gosudarstvennom sektore: sravnitel'nyj obzor. Astana: Astaninskij hab gosudarstvennoj sluzhby, 2023. 78 p. (In Russian).

10. Ria S., Faridi M.Z. (2023) Unraveling the Enigma; Exploring Factors Influencing The Regional Wage Disparity in Pakistan: Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences, no. 2(6), pp. 243–255. URL: https://doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v6i2.320. (In English).

11. Panina E.B., Zotova A.A., Malashenko V.V. (2019) Faktory, vlijajushhie na zarabotnuju platu // Upravlenie innovacionnym razvitiem agroprodovol'stvennyh sistem na nacional'nom i regional'nom urovnjah: Materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, v 2-h chastjah. Voronezh, 13–14 ijunja 2019 g. / Otvetstvennye za vypusk: E.V. Zakshevskaja, T.V. Sabetova. Voronezh: Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj agrarnyj universitet im. Imperatora Petra I. P. 139–143. (In Russian).

12. Lehtjanskaja L.V., Rimskaja T.G. (2016) Faktory, vlijajushhie na formirovanie i razvitie rynkatruda // Rossijskoe predprinimatel'stvo. No. 5(17). P. 603–608. URL: https://doi.org/10.18334/rp.17.5.34989. (In Russian).

13. Bulankina N.N., Fedenjuk Ju.O. (2016) Sistema faktorov, formirujushhih zarabotnuju platu // Evrazijskij sojuz uchenyh. Jekonomicheskie nauki. No. 3(24). P. 33–35. (In Russian).

14. Қazhyken M., Satpaeva Z., Syzdykov B. (2019) Metodologicheskie podhody k ocenke blagosostojanija: mezhdunarodnaja i kazahstanskaja praktika // Jekonomika i statistika. No. 3. P. 12–20. URL: https://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT324747&lang=ru. (In Russian).

15. Inchiem N.A., Bujang I., Matahir H., Nipo D.T. (2020) Factors Influencing the Living Wage in East Malaysia: Malaysian Journal of Business and Economics (MJBE), no. 1(7), pp. 95–111. URL: https://doi.org/10.51200/mjbe.vi.2834. (In English).

16. Giovanis N., Konstantinidis C., Tsiouni M. (2021) Factors Affecting Minimum Wage In Developed And Less Developed Countries // International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Studies, no. 1, pp. 1–11. URL: https://doi.org/doi.org/10.33500/ijsris.2021.01.001. (In English).

17. Muhammedov M.M., Ishakova S.A. (2022) Usilenie vlijanija material'nogo stimulirovanija na konechnye rezul'taty truda nauchnyh rabotnikov // Jekonomika truda. No. 3(9). P. 639–654. URL: https://doі.org/10.18334/et.9.3.114404. (In Russian).

18. Bajanova O.V. (2023) Faktory rosta real'noj zarabotnoj platy // Regional'nye problemy preobrazovanija jekonomiki. No. 1. P. 103–110. https://doі.org/10.26726/1812-7096-2023-1-103-110. (In Russian).

19. Zhankubaev B.A., Molchanovskaja A.S., Shumekov D.N. (2022) Zanjatost' naselenija v respublike Kazahstan: struktura i vektor razvitija // Social'no-trudovye issledovanija. No. 4(49). P. 29–36. URL: https://doі.org/10.34022/2658-3712-2022-49-4-29-36. (In Russian).

20. Li Y. (2022) A Comprehensive Analysis of the Factors Influencing Regional Wage Level Differences in China // Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, no. 4, pp. 7–14. URL: https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v4i.2714. (In English).

21. Pestunova G.B., Vechkinzova E.A. (2023) Udalennaja rabota vo vremja pandemii COVID-19 na primere Respubliki Kazahstan: mnenie rabotodatelej // Upravlenie. No. 1(11). P. 84–94. URL: https://doі.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2023-11-1-84-94. (In Russian).

22. Zhambyl Zh.Zh., Chylabaeva A.K., Zhakshylykkyzy R. (2022) Regulirovanie bezraboticy i social'noj zashhity naselenija Kyrgyzstana i Kazahstana v uslovijah EAJeS // Regional'naja jekonomika i upravlenie. No. 4(72). Nomer stat'i: 7201. URL: https://eee-region.ru/article/7201/. (In Russian).

23. Togajbaeva L.I., Vechkinzova E.A, Bajkenova D.H. (2020) Sovremennye tendencii gendernogo ravenstva zanjatosti i bednosti v Kazahstane // Jekonomika truda. No. 7(12). P. 1201–1216. URL: https://doі.org/10.18334/et.7.12.111424. (In Russian).

24. COVID-induced inequalities: education, health services, digital access, and female labor force participation: case studies from Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan: Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Institute. 2023, 114 r. URL: https://www.carecinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/COVID-induced-inequalities-for-publication-20230306.pdf (data obrashhenija: 09.08.2023). (In Russian).

25. Yemelina N.K., Assanova M.A., Kozlova N.G. (2018) Models for Wages’ Formation in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Economics: the strategy and practice, no. 4, pp. 101–109. (In English).

26. Aranzhin V.V. (2019) Vzaimosvjaz' zarabotnoj platy i proizvoditel'nosti truda: tendencii v uslovijah cifrovizacii jekonomiki // Jekonomika truda. No. 1(6). P. 523–534. URL: https://doі.org/10.18334/et.6.1.39938. (In Russian).