For citations:

Akanova E.S., Kapenova А.Z., Uzun Y.U., Mutaliyeva А.А. Digitalization and labor costs: efficiency of industrial enterprises in Kazakhstan. Bulletin of "Turan" University. 2026;(1):522-538. (In Kazakh) https://doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2026-1-1-522-538