The purpose of the article is to study the production and financial performance indicators of JSC “NC “KTZ” as the basis for the strategic development of transport and logistics infrastructure in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The method of assessment of financial coefficients of the company is studied. The official documents that regulate the activities of the national company are investigated. On the basis of statistical data and reports of the company, using the method of financial analysis conducted research activities of JSC “NC “KTZ”. The analysis of the liquidity of the balance sheet of JSC “NC “KTZ” showed that the state of financial stability of the company can be assessed as a pre-crisis state. In conclusion, the main problems and recommendations for the sustainable development of the national company are noted. Determining the financial stability of the holding on the basis of the coefficient method made it possible to establish that the autonomy coefficient, which characterizes the independence of the enterprise from borrowed funds, tends to decrease. This indicates that the company's financial strength is declining and its dependence on external creditors is increasing. The problem of insufficient focus of planning on achieving financial results can be solved by introducing mechanisms for adjusting production and sales indicators based on monitoring their effectiveness. In particular, these are: determination of key performance indicators, preliminary optimization of plans by the criterion of profit maximization, search for additional reserves to reduce fixed costs based on the analysis of indicators of competing companies, control over the implementation of plans by the criterion of achieving target performance indicators.

The purpose of the article is to study the features of the development of digitalization in the management system of the logistics complex. The transport complex serving important sectors of the economy is considered, with special emphasis on the development of the unified transport system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, modernization and efficiency improvement of all its elements in the resolutions of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other state documents. It was also noted that the transport sector of the republic plays a special role in ensuring the further dynamic and sustainable development of the economy of Kazakhstan, the implementation of the state strategy for its integration into the world economy. The development of the transport sector should take into account the current state and prospects of economic development, as well as the best international practices in the development of transport and logistics systems. Hence, the high relevance of solving issues aimed at the development of transport and logistics, which led to the importance of choosing the author's research and research in this area as a real sector of the economy of Kazakhstan. In this article, the authors considered the stages of implementation of the state program “Digital Kazakhstan” on the basis of the basic principles, identified goals and objectives. The system nature of the design work of the intelligent transport system is shown. The solution of tasks for the implementation of the program “Roadmap for the formation of the food belt of Astana for 2017-2018” is justified. Based on the results of a study of the transport sector in the context of the modern development of the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the authors identified problematic issues and made appropriate conclusions.

At present, all countries of the world, including Kazakhstan, in the sphere of the global economy are solving the problem of increasing the rates of economic growth. Experience shows that special economic zones can be such “points of economic growth”. The level of economic development, geographic location, natural and climatic factors and a number of other factors, of course, distinguish Kazakhstan in terms of the existing potential for the development of special economic zones. The zones created in Kazakhstan have different specializations and, accordingly, different goals, which are solved with varying degrees of success. The real results of the functioning of SEZ in Kazakhstan are still difficult to be attributed to absolutely positive. Taking into account the ambiguous results of the activities of special economic zones, the state has been taking measures for a number of years to increase their efficiency and transform the institutional framework of their activities. The existing and new promising special economic zones are intended to contribute to the achievement of these goals. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the use of such a tool as SEZ in every possible way, to study methods to improve the efficiency of their functioning. This will make it possible to objectively assess the possible prospects for the creation and development of SEZ in the Kazakhstan’s economy.

The purpose of the article is to study the organizational and economic mechanism of the textile cluster development in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article discusses development of the Kazakhstani textile cluster. The textile industry is one of the priority sectors of the industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan, designated to ensure a qualitative transformation of the country’s economy. In order to develop the industry in Kazakhstan, back in 2005 a cotton-textile cluster which unites about 50% of Kazakhstan’s textile production was organized. To support the development of textile and light industry, special programmes have been developed in Kazakhstan to support the sector and, in particular, the textile cluster. Based on analysis of problems impeding its effective functioning, authors of the article substantiated the need to introduce a new organizational and economic mechanism for cluster management. The main problem of low efficiency and slow development of the cluster consisting in weak intersectoral interaction within the cluster and in the textile industry of Kazakhstan as a whole was identified. The model of cluster’s operation, organized on the “top-down” principle of mainly by the initiative of the government, was analyzed and a new organizational and economic mechanism of cluster functioning was developed based on increased interest of cluster’s entities in joint results. This mechanism is based on the consolidation of the efforts of state and non-state actors of the cluster which will ensure the greatest effectiveness of its functioning and create a synergistic effect. The purpose of the proposed mechanism is to activate the cluster’s operations, strengthen the intra-industry and cross-industry interaction of subjects and create a single technological chain within the textile industry.

The aim of the work is to identify the destabilizing factors of the competitiveness of enterprises and to develop recommendations aimed to increase the development efficiency of Kazakhstani enterprises in a crisis. In the work methods of observation and comparison, methods of concretization, analogies were used. The article is based on the materials of an expert survey conducted with the direct participation of the authors of the article and it was a great help in writing the article. The results of the study showed that in the industrial production of the Republic of Kazakhstan a relatively unfavorable economic situation has developed. The COVID-19 pandemic, which made big changes in the plans of all people and businesses, initially put everyone into a stupor, creating such a phenomenon as a global crisis. The analysis of the situation showed that the existing economic model should become a thing of the past, although the population of the whole world has not yet had time to restructure and still is in shock. Nevertheless, people and enterprises are gradually beginning to rethink the current situation and looking for ways out of the current situation. According to the results of the expert survey, at many industrial enterprises there is a decrease in the level of business activity, liquidity indicators, profit margin and profitability in a pandemic. The proceeds from the sale of goods, works of services have decreased the working hours of many industries, shops, beauty salons, etc. were stopped or reduced. Supplies and transportation have decreased. The dominant position among the destabilizing factors limiting the activities of industrial enterprises is occupied by factors of insufficient demand for manufactured products, a shortage of owner’s financial resources, tougher market competition, and the uncertainty of the macroeconomic situation. Despite the fact that this study mainly covers a range of issues related to the Republic of Kazakhstan, the findings born the certain interest when developing an economic strategy at enterprises of other countries with developing economics.

The purpose of the article is to review the foreign practice of the development of light industry and identify its features. The head of state identified the problem of ensuring the competitiveness of domestic enterprises as the most important direction of the political strategy. The modern international policy of Kazakhstan is aimed at integrating the country into the world economic community. In the context of economic globalization, ensuring the competitiveness of enterprises is a determining factor in their security and the economic security of the state as a whole. The accession of the republic to the WTO in the near future dictates the need to develop competitive industrial production, including light industry. Light industry plays an important role in the economy of each country, since it is a serious source of budgetary funds and has significant export potential. The state of the light industry affects the economic and strategic security of the country. The socio-economic significance of this industry is determined by the fact that it plays an important role in ensuring the employment of the working-age population, especially women, and has an impact on people's health. Light industry products are used in all spheres of human activity and are second only to food products in terms of consumption. Due to this, light industry is designated in Kazakhstan as a priority industry.

The article discusses the world experience in the formation and development of a marketing strategy. The strategy is designed to ensure the most complete and efficient use of both the internal resources of the company and the possibilities of the external marketing environment. At the same time, any successful strategy is based on continuous monitoring of the market in order to promptly respond to changing conditions. Thus, in order to maintain and increase the company's share in the market, it is important not only to have a competent marketing strategy, but also to diversify it immediately when economic conditions change. The main criterion for choosing strategies for the enterprise is the use of internal capabilities, depending on the emerging external conditions. The most important role in solving the strategic tasks of the organization is played by strategic planning, which refers to the process of developing and maintaining a strategic balance between the goals and capabilities of the organization in a changing market environment. The purpose of strategic planning is to determine the most promising areas of the organization's activities that provide the highest income at the lowest cost. “Strategic planning is an integral part of the broader concept of “strategic management”. In management, four of its generalized functions are usually distinguished – planning, organization, motivation and control”.

The purpose of the article is to consider the organization of the information system of the innovative potential of enterprises. The management of innovative potential of the country is a research, development, and use of the innovative potential of each enterprise, which aims to maximize the synergistic effect of their development, meeting the objectives of the state's innovation policy. In the article, the authors have developed an information system for monitoring the level of innovation potential of the country as a system of parameters of a web service necessary for data processing, implementing the methodology for calculating the main indicators of the level of innovation potential at the macro and micro levels in the online mode. In this paper, the authors give practical recommendations for the functioning of this information system for monitoring innovation potential at the country level. The advantage of the information system is the possibility of using the method developed by the authors of the integrated assessment of the level of innovative potential of the enterprise and updating the data obtained. The mechanism of information support for monitoring the innovative potential of enterprises is formed on the basis of the data of the Passport of Innovative Development. The structure of the Passport and its content are designed to form an information base for monitoring the innovation potential in the strategic planning system of the enterprise.

The purpose of the article is to consider the impact of innovative development and research activities on the growth of the economy of Kazakhstan. During the period of globalization, competition between countries in the world was increasingly observed in the field of science, production and technology. In this context, research and development (R&D), effective use of information and communication technologies and the technological infrastructure of the national economy are important. In recent years, the ratio of R&D to economic growth has been an urgent problem. The article emphasizes that research work, which is the result of a new product, process, or education, is a source of technical development. This article assesses the level of innovation and R&D development that positively affect the growth of the country's economy, compares it with the indicators of other developing countries in the world, and considers recommendations for achieving success in the industry. According to the authors in order to achieve the production of innovative enterprises, the growth of the country's GDP, it is necessary to turn to the knowledge-intensive economy, for the purposeful formation of their market through state orders and it is necessary to conduct a stimulating policy. In order for the economy of Kazakhstan to be competitive, it is possible to carry out innovative activities, including by providing small enterprises with production spaces, promoting the development of entrepreneurial innovation centers, technology parks, technology support centers, providing legal, financial, marketing, economic and other services.

This article discusses the issues of creating the necessary social conditions for the fullest realization of the abilities of women and men in all spheres of labor and public life of the Republic of Kazakhstan.The state family policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is aimed at ensuring favorable socio-economic conditions that contribute to the full implementation of the family's reproductive, economic and educational functions, as well as strengthening the moral foundations of the family and increasing its importance in society.Currently, the world is paying more and more attention to gender issues, that is, the principle of equal rights and opportunities for men and women. Addressing the gender issue is particularly relevant for independent States that have entered the path of market transformation. Today, changes in all spheres of our life require a new look at the role of women in the development of the state and society. The achievement of gender equality ensures the effectiveness of the current family policy, since it helps to strengthen the role and contribution of women and men to the development of the family institution. Addressing women's issues and democratizing society are two interrelated processes. Their essence is that in addition to ensuring equal opportunities for men and women, the prerequisites can be created for the emergence of new forms of expression and realization of women's interests in all spheres of life. It is stated by the authors that in Kazakhstan, it is important to form an individual approach to the formation of family policy, as the family plays an important role among all social institutions that affect the quality of human capital.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the issues of labor migration of young people in Kazakhstan. The article identifies the main causes of labor migration of young people to other countries, proves that improvements of the labor market of young people, the problem of labor migration of young people should not remain without the attention of the state. The information source of the study was taken as a basis for the analysis of data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. To solve the tasks, systematic and logical approaches, methods of analysis, deduction, and induction to form a general idea of the state of youth migration in the Kazakhstan labor market were used. The categories of migration and its economic content are considered, which allows to characterize the essence of labor migration. The scientific and practical significance of the study is that the conclusions obtained in the course of the study are applicable to the problem of labor migration of young people and its solution, make a significant contribution to the development of the labor market economy. The article analyzes the problems of youth labor migration in Kazakhstan, identifies the main causes of youth labor migration to other countries, and suggests the need for a state solution to the problem of youth labor migration in improving the youth labor market.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the current topics on the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the country and support provided to them from the state. In this article, analytical work is carried out on the branches of small and medium-sized businesses, and several types of methodological guidelines are given. The definitions and concepts expressed by several authors regarding social business were presented, as well as the types of business used in foreign practice. The purpose of the study is to present the research and author's proposals of scientists related to the development and effective functioning of small and medium-sized businesses in accordance with the topic, and to present the results of the analysis and research. Often, business development in regional regions is lagging behind. For its development, it is necessary to solve the issues of informatization on the part of the state and local authorities. Therefore, we believe that this methodological guide and several proposed solutions will be taken into account. We expect that Kazakhstan will develop the informatization base, increase access to various programs and legislative acts related to small and medium-sized businesses. The results of several analyses were presented, examining the support provided by the state to the development of small and medium-sized businesses in Kazakhstan. The assessment of the effectiveness of state support for small and medium-sized businesses is carried out according to the indicators of the economic efficiency of the allocated funds. The increase in the indicator of social efficiency indicates the interest and involvement of small and medium-sized businesses in state support programs in Kazakhstan.

The purpose of the article is to study the economic mechanisms of agricultural production growth within one country and, in particular, Kazakhstan. The growth of agricultural products in Kazakhstan and the provision of the country with food products are complex and relevant issues, which include the problems of production, the situation in the national agricultural markets, solvency and competitiveness, the annual volume of agricultural products, the increase in annual revenue, ensuring the availability of food products to consumers, laws in the regulation of the agricultural industry, etc. The potential of agriculture is correlated with the level of food security of the country. State regulation of the agro-industrial complex is aimed at ensuring food security, stability of agricultural products entering the market, creating favorable conditions for entrepreneurs, increasing the competitiveness of domestic products, as well as improving the standard of living of the population of the regions by creating favorable conditions for the development of crop production, animal husbandry, fisheries, processing of agricultural products and the food industry, veterinary-sanitary and phytosanitary security, it is aimed at providing technical equipment and other auxiliary areas of activity, social and infrastructure development on regional territory. The authors of the article emphasize that agriculture will become an important part of the agro-industrial complex. Agriculture is an industry aimed at providing the population with food and is a raw material necessary for the economic sphere. It occupies an important place not only in the agro-industrial complex, but also in the national economy of the whole country. Agriculture is the most important part of the material production industry. Agriculture provides the country with food and industry with some raw materials.

The main purpose of the article is to describe the theoretical features of competitiveness and efficiency of production of agricultural sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan. When writing the work, economic and statistical methods, methods of comparison and analysis, synthesis and generalization were used.The article deals with the main indicators of the industry: domestic production and consumption; foreign trade and market size in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The main conclusions of the article are to determine the factors that state the competitive position of the fruit and vegetable industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as the agro-industrial complex needs to be improved, which would be based on scientifically based mechanisms and directed to the development of agricultural enterprises. In Kazakhstan, it is strategically beneficial to engage in the industrial processing of fruits and vegetables, which is due to the favorable climate, access to labor resources, growing demand from the population, and an increase in export potential. In general, the country meets the need for potatoes, fresh vegetables and melons. However, high prices, a narrow range of products, lack of proper presentation associated with the high cost of packaging and packaging, high transport costs, and a decrease in consumer demand for domestic fruits and vegetables in the domestic and foreign markets have led to their lack of competitiveness.

The Kazakhstani economy has a significant emission potential. The study reveals the issues of the restraining influence on the development of Kazakhstani companies' emission activity. Among them are the role of bank lending in financing the national economy; government discouragement of economic development; weak efficiency of administrative and tax preferences for issuers. An important factor is the doubt of Kazakhstani companies on their capital fair evaluation in the market. In particular, the study noted that over the past five years, there has been a stable trend towards a decrease in bank lending as for large, the same is for small and medium-sized businesses. Basing on the continuing low number of new registrations of prospectuses for the issue of shares, there arises an issue of finding ways to meet the needs of business entities in financing. The findings from the analysis of sources of financing the State programs in the Republic of Kazakhstan showed the amount of possible funding from the stock market instruments. The study of data over the past few years made it possible to conclude that the methods and ways of using funds allocated under these state programs actually discourage business and local governments to use the emission potential that Kazakhstani market participants currently have. Administrative and tax preferences that operate in Kazakhstan for domestic participants in the stock market are either mainly aimed at investors or rather incomprehensible and imperceptible for potential issuers. Uncertainty in achieving the planned funding levels and in a fair assessment of the company's capital cost, basing on the above factors identified as a result of the study, is the main constraining reason for the low emission activity of Kazakhstani stock market participants.

This article analyzes the activities of the audit commission in the system of state audit in the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan in modern conditions. Issues of effective management of budgetary funds and strengthening of financial and executive discipline, as well as the importance and necessity of conducting joint or parallel control measures by external state control bodies have been investigated. The author studied the issues of the effectiveness of the use of funds allocated from the republican budget. The organization of the effective activity of the Audit Commission, first of all, depends on the correct formation of long-term goals, as well as strategic priorities. The introduction of long-term planning is associated with the desire of the Audit Commission to fulfill its mission with the maximum benefit for the state and publicity. Long-term planning is aimed at ensuring the further development of governmental audit and financial control in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On State Audit and Financial Control”, as well as new concepts of budgetary policy. State audit in the Republic of Kazakhstan. With the gradual integration into the world community, there is a growing need to increase the competitiveness of government agencies. To protect regional interests, it is necessary to effectively manage local budgets, strengthen financial and executive discipline. Increasing the accountability of the state apparatus to the public for decisions made in the budgetary sphere will lead to the transformation of state financial control into an institution of state audit, which will make it possible to assess the existing economic mechanisms and promptly develop recommendations for the effective use of state financial control.

The purpose of the article is to review the main financial indicators of JSC “NC “KTZ”. The analysis of dynamics and structure of active and passive balance of the company is studied. The official documents that regulate the activities of the national company are studied. On the basis of statistical data and reports of the company, using the method of financial planning, the study of the main indicators of JSC “NC “KTZ”. The analysis of planned and actual values of indicators noted that the company needs to improve the system of financial planning and budgeting. Finally the conclusions are made and the main problems of sustainable development of the company are stated. JSC “NC “KTZh” is a transport and logistics holding, the history of formation and development of which began in Soviet times. Because of repeated transformations and reorganizations, the holding currently carries out sea and rail transportation, renders services of transport and logistics centers; provides airport, maritime, road and rail infrastructure services. The functions of JSC “NC “KTZh” include acting as an operator of the main railway network, transportation of goods and passengers. The authors of the article note that the unstable dynamics of indicators for the main types of services directly affects the profitability of the company. As before, the main revenue is generated by cargo transportation, primarily transit transportation.

Recently the definition and verification of taxable objects are associated with the so-called business loophole “commercial secret”. In these tough conditions, auditors and taxpayers should master the techniques of conducting separate tax accounting of taxable objects. Taxpayers are forced to make a choice: which side of the tax system is more preferable to this or that version of the proportional method? The purpose of the article is to recommend ways of applying the proportional method of determining the objects of taxation in the conditions of separate tax accounting. The data of the first two options show that renting out premises for an LLP is unprofitable. The authors believe that it is necessary to review the terms of lease agreements and reduce the cost of renting premises. The calculations in the third variant indicate a significant and significant impact of the specific weight of the average number of employees on financial and tax indicators. When applying the third option of calculations, the company will pay significantly less CIT with unchanged financial and tax results. The company will prefer to fix the application of the proportional method in the accounting policy according to the latter option. This calculation option, according to the authors, helps to clarify not only the size of total expenses by type of activity, but also helps to distribute and clarify in detail information about taxable income, retained earnings and the amount of CIT by type of activity. Detailed information about the main performance indicators of the company contributes to the real content of the financial and tax reporting forms.

The study was carried out within the framework of program-targeted funding by the Committee of Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan ("Development of the concept and mechanisms of balanced territorial development of the economy and society of Kazakhstan"). The purpose of the study is to determine the role and significance of the development of ecological tourism in the Republic of Kazakhstan as a factor in the diversification of the sectoral structure of the country's rural economy. The study used a structuralfunctional approach, a review of scientific publications, including foreign authors from the Scopus, Web of Science databases; state programs and regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on this issue in the Republic of Kazakhstan, statistical data. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical foundations of economic diversification and its benefits. The theoretical and methodological aspects of the development of ecological tourism as a factor in the socio-economic development of rural areas have been studied. As part of the state program for the development of the tourism industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2019–2025, tools have been proposed for transforming tourism into a highly profitable sector of the economy, the tasks of which include the creation of 75 thousand jobs in remote rural areas. The authors of the article consider the issues of priority of the development of rural areas, the need to find ways to normalize living conditions and economic growth, which should be the diversification of the economy. Tourist and recreational resources that provide the regions of the country necessary for the development of ecotourism were identified and substantiated.

The aim of the research presented in the article is to study the directions and mechanisms of action of museums in innovative practice. The modern museum as a cultural center is more focused on the individual, takes on the functions of organizing the leisure of citizens, responding to the social order, lifestyle. The study of the experience of museums in this context is focused on considering innovation at the local level - the museums of the city of Florence (center of Tuscany), which are a vivid example of the communicative model of the museum. This model of the museum is especially in demand today against the background of the problem of attracting (and retaining) visitors existing in museums around the world and in Kazakhstan. The study of valuable experience and innovative approaches in the communication activities of the best museums in the world can give impetus to the development of museums in Kazakhstan. The situation with the COVID–19 Pandemic has made its own adjustments in the relationship between visitors and museums. Both Florentine and Kazakhstani museums reacted to the situation with interesting projects. It is concluded that the introduction and development of information systems in museums in Italy made it possible to significantly optimize their work, and this, in turn, allowed them to reach a qualitatively new level of presentation of their services and collections. There are ample opportunities for the world museum community to access the Italian heritage.A great help in this study was the master's thesis by Irene di Pietro, which was written in the city of Bologna in 2017. An important source was the personal observations of E.I. Kubasheva in direct acquaintance with the museums of Florence. The research was carried out using narrative and historical-genetic methods.

The article considers the capital market of Kazakhstan, which is interesting for international investors looking for expanded opportunities to make a profit through capital investment. The analysis of the portfolio of companiesresidents of Kazakhstan shows a high closeness to the standards of developed countries. Nevertheless, the country needs serious reforms designed to ensure an increase in the attractiveness of various spheres of investment of finance, transparency and predictability of state policy. There is a pronounced monopoly on demand on the market of investors in Kazakhstan, who are included in the institutional category: there is only one major player, offers are little diversified, IPOs and SPOs are extremely rare. In a crisis situation, the set of financial instruments changes in accordance with the accepted directions and rules of investment. Over the course of a number of crises, traditional low-risk assets have proven the existence of residual investment attractiveness with an average level of return. The situation in the global market is undergoing noticeable changes, including due to the consequences of the pandemic, as well as past crises. In general, the stock market in Kazakhstan should be used to attract both debt financing and equity financing. The active growth of investment retail is hindered by the low investment and financial literacy of the population, and the absence of large-scale IPOs.

In the current context, competencies are becoming a universal measure of the success and effectiveness of human activity in any profession. The civil service of Kazakhstan is promising and trainable. Today, an important task is to train civil servants of the “new generation”. As a global information world, digital transformation requires them to understand the new specifics of civil service and improve their skills and competencies. Therefore, the competence-based approach in the professional development of civil servants that is becoming increasingly relevant. It motivates civil servants to further advance in their professional careers, and is also the basis for the formation of information support for the management of civil service personnel in almost all countries. The competence-based approach has recently been declared as the starting point of all personnel management activities. It can be used to select personnel, evaluate the quality of their work, and build a career and training system. In this article, the authors give the concept of the competence approach, professional development of civil servants. The purpose of this study is to study the features of the organization of professional development of civil servants in foreign countries, to compare the composition of the competencies of the presented models for further development of ways to reform the system of professional training of civil servants in Kazakhstan. The analysis of the main components of the models of competencies of civil servants in different countries is presented. The development of professional competencies of civil servants should acquire a strategic character, be designed for the future. The research methodology is based on the application of the process approach, historical analysis, modeling and classification methods, and the method of scientific generalizations.

Due to the increase in the number of movements, people are increasingly expecting sales at the ticket office. The purpose of tickets is different: for a movie show, trips by land and air transport and etc. Science is changing, so technology needs to be transformed. The individual stays in the transport until he is in the right place for himself. The paper examines a significant number of logistics social systems that implement round-the-clock transport activities at bus stops in accordance with the schedule of automobile traffic. Thus, people wait for the bus at the bus stop because they are not aware of the bus schedule, which ends up wasting time. Another problem is related to the lack of conductors who provide passengers with information about the fare of travel tickets. There are also other problematic aspects in the logistics of settlements. In order to eliminate them, it is advisable to develop a special application, thanks to which the presence of individuals at bus stops will be reduced. The actual issue of the present time is the queue when selling tickets. The purpose of this work is to form a comprehensive vision of the phenomenon of the “Internet of things”, which can optimize the activity of social transport. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set: to study the phenomenon of the “Internet of things”; to identify current problems of logistics systems of settlements; to develop initiatives that can optimize the activities of the transport social complex. Methods used in the work: analytical; complex; observational.

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to understand the role of academic mobility of graduates of Kazakhstani universities in increasing their competitiveness in employment. This article is devoted to the analysis of the employment of university graduates who have had external academic mobility programs. The study of the role of academic mobility of graduates of Kazakhstani universities in the process of their further employment was carried out on the basis of an analysis of some research results conducted on the basis of the Center for the Bologna Process and Academic Mobility of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (СBP&AM) in 2012–2013, as well as the results of a survey of students in a number of Kazakhstani universities conducted by the authors on the basis of the South Kazakhstan University in 2020. The analysis of various factors and measures influencing the increase in the efficiency of academic mobility of university graduates is carried out. As a result of the questionnaire survey, it was found that the majority of university graduates who were trained under the program of academic mobility in foreign universities were able to find a job rather quickly. It is concluded that the lack of funding for tuition does not always contribute to the choice of a strong partner university by students for internship under the academic mobility program. As a result of the study, the authors made a proposal that universities need to strengthen their work to assist in employment on the basis of mutually beneficial partnerships with employers, as well as to ensure that the competencies acquired by students abroad meet the requirements of the labor market in Kazakhstan.

The article discusses the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the organizational and economic mechanism for managing integration processes in universities. In modern conditions of the development of higher education, more and more attention of world science is riveted to the processes of integration in this area. The seprocesses have so strongly influenced the field of higher education that terms such as “integration”, “internationalization”, “globalization” are becoming more synonyms than concepts that differentiate essentially different processes observed in the field of higher education. In the context of globalization and internationalization of higher education, the process of implementation, measures and methods of introducing transformations that contribute to the high-quality and effective development of the university's activities not only in the field of education, but also in science are becoming significant. In this regard, it is the mechanism for the implementation of integration processes, or more precisely, the organizational and economic mechanism of management, which contributes to increasing the efficiency of higher education, the quality of education, which becomes the object of close and thorough research. The development of integration processes creates a competitive environment for universities, which allows us to consider the organizational and economic mechanism of management at a university as a business process, however, taking into account the relevant specific features that are characteristic only of a university as an educational organization.

This article examines the process of transition of the higher education system to distance learning in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the uniform transition to distance learning, higher education institutions differ in the strategy of its organization. As a result, an analysis was made of the country's higher educational institutions and the measures they have taken to transfer teachers and students to online education. The analysis highlighted a number of challenges faced by higher education institutions during the transition to a new format of distance learning, including the lack of infrastructure and material and technical base, difficulties in adapting training materials to the new format, lack of staff qualifications and experience of remote work. Taking into account the above problems, the pandemic showed the need for additional budgetary funds for the development of a digital educational environment, professional development of the teaching staff, as well as for the creation of jobs at universities for students who lost their jobs during the crisis, which allowed them to pay for tuition and related costs. Thus, given all the abovementioned difficulties in the transition to distance learning, for the full functioning of higher education institutions and to prevent a potential increase in unemployment, an increase in costs is necessary. This article also discusses proposals on the need to make appropriate changes in management and financial models in the field of education.