Financial inequality in education is one of the most critical issues of our time. It significantly impacts learning outcomes, leads to disparities in opportunities, resources, and final results, and ultimately has a negative effect on economic growth. This research article addresses the problem of financial inequality currently prevalent in Kazakhstan’s education system. This disparity is evident in the lack of access to quality education for a large segment of the population. The goal of the research is to identify the relationship between financial and economic indicators (household income, public and private expenditures on education) and the quality of educational services in the Republic of Kazakhstan, in order to develop recommendations for reducing existing inequality. The paper examines the financial aspects of educational development, analyzing both state and private financial investments in educational institutions, as well as household income and its direct influence on the quality of education received. The scientific and practical significance of this work lies in systematically identifying the core relationship between the country’s level of socio-economic development, household incomes, and the quality of educational services received by the population. The study primarily utilizes official materials from the Bureau of National Statistics, the National Center for Educational Assessment, the Ministry of Education, and the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan, alongside data from the World Bank. The practical recommendations presented will be valuable for state bodies in the education sector when formulating educational development programs, and they can also be used by private entities.

In recent years, within the framework of sustainable development, the issues of improving green financing technologies, as well as the directions for their modernization, have been examined in the scholarly works of contemporary economists. In developed economies, projects aimed at developing modern investment ecosystems that promote the growth of environmentally friendly (green) bonds are currently being successfully implemented. The purpose of this work is to identify the main directions for developing green finance instruments in the Republic of Kazakhstan based on global trends. The article analyzes international practices in achieving sustainable development goals, emphasizing the role of the green bond market as a driving force behind green, social, and sustainable bonds. The analysis shows that many European countries demonstrate positive results in sustainable development, while international organizations act as key players in issuing and promoting green finance instruments. Based on the conducted practical analysis, the article provides an assessment of the current state of the green financing market in the Republic of Kazakhstan and identifies contemporary trends in the development of green and sustainable bonds, in particular, the measures being taken to integrate ESG criteria (Environment, Social, Governance) into the strategies and business models of financial organizations. The results of the study allowed the authors to determine the directions of state policy in Kazakhstan for promoting the development of green financing through the implementation of sustainable development instruments by harmonizing regulatory documents and government programs in the field of green economy financing. To achieve the research objective, the authors employed methods of generalization and systematization of information, which made it possible to identify current and future trends, challenges, and opportunities for green financing amid changes in the business economy in the Republic of Kazakhstan. A comparative analysis of the green instruments market was conducted based on parameters from the Climate Bonds Initiative database.

The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in the financial sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan under the conditions of structural transformation and digitalization. The purpose of the study is to identify the key features, motives, and consequences of bank consolidation and to assess the synergistic effect of integration deals using the discounted cash flow (DCF) method. The methodological framework combines systemic, comparative-statistical, and financial-economic approaches, ensuring a comprehensive evaluation of M&A processes. The empirical base includes data from the National Bank of Kazakhstan, the Agency for Regulation and Development of the Financial Market, the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange, and international institutions such as the BIS and the World Bank. The analysis shows that consolidation processes strengthen bank capitalization and resilience but are accompanied by risks of monopolization and limited transparency. Using the examples of the Halyk Bank–Kazkommertsbank, Bank CenterCredit–Eco Center Bank, and Kaspi.kz–Hepsiburada deals, it was found that a positive synergistic effect manifests primarily in the medium term. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the application of the DCF model for assessing M&A synergy in an emerging financial market and in the institutional interpretation of consolidation mechanisms. The practical significance lies in the potential use of the results to improve the regulatory framework and strategic planning within Kazakhstan’s banking sector.

The aim of this article is to identify and analyze the key problems in grant project management in universities in Kazakhstan, as well as to develop practical recommendations for improving their efficiency, effectiveness, and commercialization of scientific research. Grant funding is a crucial instrument of state support for science; however, its use is accompanied by a number of institutional and organizational challenges. A literature review was conducted, encompassing modern concepts of project management, technology transfer, and academic entrepreneurship, as well as an analysis of both international and domestic experiences. Particular attention was given to comparing the practices of foreign universities with the situation in Kazakhstan, where organizational structures remain fragmented, coordination between departments is weak, integration between science and business is insufficient, and business involvement in the innovation sector is limited. Differences were identified in project management training and the development level of research support infrastructure, including technology transfer centers and incubator platforms. The empirical part is based on a mixed-methods approach: surveys (80 respondents) and interviews (15 managers). Only 22% reported having a clear project management structure, more than 60% indicated insufficient awareness regarding commercialization issues, and nearly half expressed doubts about the effectiveness of motivation systems. Among researchers, there is a predominant focus on academic outcomes (publications, reports), while attention to implementation and market realization is limited. The results confirm the need for an integrated grant management model: establishing project offices within universities, implementing digital platforms to support research, improving regulatory frameworks, and developing a motivation system oriented toward practical application of results. Additionally, it is recommended to enhance networked collaboration between universities and businesses, encourage researcher participation in international consortia, and create mechanisms for long-term monitoring of grant projects. The proposed measures will help increase the commercialization of scientific research and the international competitiveness of the national scientific system.

In the context of dynamic development of social entrepreneurship, there is a growing need for effective internal control as a tool for ensuring sustainability, transparency and effectiveness of organizations. This paper examines the theoretical foundations and methodological approaches to internal control in social entrepreneurship, including its goals, functions, mechanisms and tools. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of internal control in socially oriented organizations, taking into account the dual nature of their activities a combination of commercial goals with a social mission. Modern methods of risk assessment, internal audit and monitoring of key performance indicators are analyzed. Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign experience, recommendations are proposed for improving the internal control system aimed at increasing the efficiency of social enterprise management. The work can be useful for managers of social enterprises, researchers in the field of internal control and entrepreneurship, as well as specialists involved in the development of sustainable development strategies. The significant scientific contribution of this work lies in identifying and characterizing the main directions for the development of theoretical aspects and the methodology of internal control application in social entrepreneurship. The practical significance of the study is reflected in the applicability of its results for improving the organizational mechanisms of the internal control system in social entrepreneurship. The implementation of the research findings will enrich both the theory and practice of internal control with modern tools and methods aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of social entrepreneurship development. The practical value of the work consists in the potential application of its results in the design and implementation of programs for the development of the internal control system in social entrepreneurship.

This article examines ways to improve the effectiveness of employment policy by developing social entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan. It describes the dynamics of employment and unemployment in the labor market and, in substantive terms, sets out the current state of social entrepreneurship and its impact on employment. The study outlines the areas of activity of social entrepreneurship entities and their regional distribution. It also provides a comparative review of development trends in Kazakhstan against international practice and identifies gaps in regulatory, financial, tax-incentive and digital support mechanisms. In addition, a comparative review of the trends in the development of social entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan and international practice has been conducted; gaps have been identified in mechanisms of state regulation, financial support, tax incentives, and digital tools.As the empirical basis, the analysis uses social projects, regional programs and open official data for 2023–2025.The study demonstrates the link between social entrepreneurship and the labor market through three channels: creating new jobs, expanding inclusion by engaging persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups; and strengthening job stability. Based on the results, measures to enhance employment are proposed: conditional wage subsidies tied to job retention; an analytical dashboard built on open data from the social enterprise registry and its integration with eGov and labor market information systems; regional «one-stop» social-innovation centers; and training vouchers with dual-mentorship programs. The recommendations aim to increase employment, facilitate the entry of vulnerable groups into the labor market and improve job stability. The findings enable more data-driven policymaking and are effective at the national level.

The article investigates the contribution of women’s entrepreneurship to human capital formation and inclusive growth in Kazakhstan. The purpose is to assess the current landscape of women’s participation in business, identify regulatory, institutional and market barriers, and propose context-adapted incentives under digitalization and the transition to a knowledge economy. Methodologically, the study combines analysis of gender-disaggregated national statistics and the regulatory framework with international indices, case studies of best practices, and empirical tests of associations between women’s entrepreneurship and metrics of productivity and innovation. The findings register persistent gender gaps in access to finance and wages, entrenched sectoral segregation, and the underrepresentation of women in high-value industries and in mediumand large-scale firms, alongside pronounced regional heterogeneity in the intensity of women-led MSME activity. The study’s originality lies in integrating a gender approach into human capital theory and in the formal specification of a causal mechanism. Quantitatively validated, this mechanism shows how women’s entrepreneurship -by strengthening human and social capital (managerial, financial, and STEM/ICT skills and professional networks)–raises productivity and innovation and ultimately fosters inclusive economic growth. The practical significance is presented as a set of recommendations: improving gender-disaggregated monitoring, deploying targeted financial instruments, embedding gender-responsive procurement, expanding incubation and acceleration, advancing STEM/ICT skills, and investing in care infrastructure. Integrating these recommendations into MSME support programs, regional policy and gender-equality strategies strengthens human capital and the resilience of long-term growth. The results can inform sustainable development policy, MSME support programs and gender-equality strategies.

In the context of global economic transformation, the creative industries are becoming a major driver of sustainable growth, innovation, and the development of new markets. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), due to their flexibility and adaptability, play a crucial role in the advancement of these sectors. This study aims to analyze the current state of SME participation in the creative industries, identify existing barriers and growth opportunities, and outline promising directions for supporting and expanding entrepreneurial activity in this field. Key areas of focus include assessing the contribution of SMEs to the creative economy, examining institutional and infrastructural factors influencing their development, and proposing measures to stimulate greater business involvement in creative sectors. The scientific and practical significance of this research lies in systematizing relevant data and analyzing trends that characterize SME engagement at both regional and national levels. It provides insights into how businesses operate amid digitalization, cultural diversity, and economic uncertainty. The value of this study is in its comprehensive assessment of the role of SMEs in the creative economy, identification of strategic priorities, and development of support tools aimed at enhancing the sector’s resilience and innovation potential. The practical relevance is reflected in the recommendations formulated for government authorities, development institutions, and the entrepreneurial community to foster a favorable ecosystem for SMEs, thereby promoting employment, export growth, and cultural identity.

This article focuses on the study and development of a Customer Journey Map (CJM) using the example of the Kazakhstani company Advert Reprise Digital LLP (hereafter referred to as Advert Reprise Digital). The purpose of the study is to develop and analyze a Customer Journey Map for Advert Reprise Digital, with a focus on comparing customer experience characteristics in the digital, FMCG, and pharmaceutical sectors to develop recommendations for optimizing customer communication. The authors closely analyzed the company's structure, activities, and conducted a comprehensive review of the customer experience to identify key interaction points and areas for improving communication. The main outcome is a detailed customer journey map that visualizes the stages of the customer's journey, their needs, potential challenges. It offers recommendations to improve interaction efficiency and enhance the company's customer experience. The practical value of mapping is validated by successful implementations in international companies such as Starbucks, IKEA, and Amazon, demonstrating the method’s effectiveness in improving customer communication and increasing loyalty. The effectiveness of this approach is also supported by the authors' experience in creating customer journey maps for both Advert Reprise Digital itself and clients like Pladis, Stopdiar (Gedeon Richter), and Smecta (Mayoly). The developed Customer Journey Map helped identify vulnerabilities in the consumer journey and provided practical recommendations that were used to optimize communication with customers.

The article presents the results of a study of the development of HR management (Human Resources Management, HRM) in Kazakhstan, which are in the focus of entrepreneurs and managers of different levels and business areas. The relevance of this study is due to the fact that the growing importance of a person in an organization implies the activation of HRM aimed at managing hired labor, taking into account the current situation in the labor market. New demands are being made on personnel due to changes in the mentality, work format, values and expectations of employees. The research uses methods of observation, comparison and analysis of theoretical sources of scientists, publications of practicing managers and trained managers dealing with these issues. The practical part of the study provides facts and arguments for studying the activities of HRM organizations, research on their leaders, undergraduates with first-time work skills, and their self-assessment. The result of the study was to clarify the features of HRM in terms of a competence-based approach to the new content of HR management; identify current trends in the emergence and use of IT technologies in personnel management; identify new types of business relationships in personnel activities; identify measures that develop the necessary competencies among specialists; specify new HRM functions, clarify the concepts of onboarding, offboarding, gamification, etc. The results of the study are a contribution to the methodology and technology of HRM integration, as an updated content for organizations in our country.

The development of dairy farming is an important area of the agro-industrial complex, especially in the context of ensuring food security and increasing the income of the rural population. In the conditions of Turkestan region, which has significant potential in the field of animal husbandry, the relevance of a comprehensive analysis of factors affecting the development of this industry is increasing. The purpose of research is to substantiate the need and practical significance of an integrated approach to assessing the factors of dairy farming development at the regional level using quantitative and qualitative analysis methods. The research hypothesis: it is assumed that the integration of quantitative and qualitative methods allows more accurate identification and interpretation of factors affecting the development of dairy farming than the use of one type of analysis. In the framework of the research, methods of economic and statistical analysis were used, including correlation and regression modeling, as well as methods of expert assessments and in-depth interviews with representatives of personal subsidiary farms, farms and local governments. This mixed approach made it possible to take into account both objective statistical dependencies and subjective features of the regional context. Based on the analysis, practical recommendations were developed to strengthen institutional support, stimulate cooperation and increase the investment attractiveness of the industry. The findings can be used by government bodies, scientific institutions and agricultural producers in the formation of strategies for the sustainable development of animal husbandry in the agricultural regions of Kazakhstan.

Amid global hydrocarbon dependence and the growing challenges of the energy transition, issues of economic diversification and institutional quality are becoming crucial for the sustainable development of oil-exporting countries. This study aims to estimate the impact of economic diversification on GDP growth in ten oil-exporting countries over the period 1990–2023, accounting for the moderating role of institutional quality. Using panel data for Canada, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Nigeria, Norway, Russia, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States, the analysis employs fixed-effects models and dynamic systemic GMMs to address endogeneity. The results show that an increase in the diversification index by one standard deviation (0.168) increases GDP growth by 0.75 percentage points, with the effect being 2.4 times higher in countries with strong institutions than in countries with weak institutions. A threshold level of oil dependence was identified at 25% of GDP, above which the negative consequences of the "resource curse" begin to predominate. A time-lapse analysis revealed an increase in the diversification effect over time: from 2.134 in the 1990s to 5.234 in 2020–2023, highlighting its growing importance in the context of the global energy transition. A decomposition of the effects shows that a reduction in macroeconomic volatility accounts for 35.2% of the total effect, technological externalities for 28.7%, human capital development for 21.3%, and institutional improvements for 14.8%. These results underscore the need to combine economic reforms with institutional transformation to overcome resource dependence and ensure sustainable economic growth.

The rapid development of digital e-commerce platforms has fundamentally reshaped consumer purchase behavior, especially in the hospitality and tourism sectors. This study investigates how key managerial aspects, namely price fairness, online reviews, and website usability – influence hotel booking intention through the mediating variables of perceived value, brand trust, and perceived risk. The primary objective is to build and validate a structural model that reflects the influence of digital service quality on consumer decision-making. The analysis of data from 318 users of online booking platforms in Kazakhstan, conducted using PLS-SEM, confirmed all proposed hypotheses. It was established that a fair price enhances perceived value, credible reviews increase brand trust, and a user-friendly interface reduces perceived risk. The results of the study have both theoretical significance and practical value. Theoretically, the research expands existing knowledge by integrating psychological and functional factors within a unified model of digital behavior. Practically, the findings can be applied to improve user experience, increase customer loyalty, and enhance platform effectiveness. This work is valuable for developers, marketers, and hospitality managers striving for sustainable success in e-commerce.

This article examines the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the labor market, focusing on the dynamics of job creation and elimination within the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The primary focus is on analyzing current trends and providing forecasts regarding the future interaction between AI and employment. The methodology is based on a systematic review of academic literature and a quantitative analysis of data on publications and citations from the Scopus database. A key element of the study was the content analysis of the 25 most-cited publications, which allowed for the identification of key methodological approaches, research directions, and main findings related to the impact of AI on various sectors of the labor market. The analysis showed that authors primarily focused on topics such as the impact of AI on high-skilled jobs, process automation, and human resource management. The results demonstrate a significant increase in interest in this topic since 2016, with research activity peaking in 2022. A geographic analysis of publications highlighted the leading positions of the United States and India, underscoring the global nature of research activity. Key authors whose works have significantly influenced the development of this field were also identified. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need for further research aimed at deepening the understanding of the relationship between AI and the labor market, which will help build a sustainable and inclusive economy in the future.

This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the determinants of economic competitiveness in Central Asia, emphasizing the role of regional cooperation and the potential establishment of an integration framework. Advancing and refining the methodology for building sustainable competitive advantages in the region constitutes a promising scholarly direction, carrying both theoretical significance and practical relevance. The research seeks to uncover latent reserves for strengthening cooperative linkages among Central Asian states and to evaluate prospects for deeper economic integration. By developing alternative scenarios for regional economic interaction, the study identifies pathways to enhance competitiveness not only for Kazakhstan but also for neighboring countries. Particular attention is devoted to assessing Kazakhstan’s sustainable competitive advantages in the context of emerging global challenges, with a focus on the implications of shifting patterns in the world economy for regional cooperation and the international division of labor. The anticipated contribution lies in providing a robust theoretical foundation for reinforcing trade and economic relations, expanding and diversifying transport and logistics networks, and protecting national economic interests amid global uncertainties. These outcomes are expected to advance regional resilience through closer cooperation and integration of economic systems. From an academic standpoint, the research enriches existing knowledge by systematizing prior findings, identifying gaps in theory and practice, and proposing a methodological framework for the formation of sustainable competitive advantages. From an applied perspective, it generates concrete policy recommendations aimed at fostering regional cooperation, ensuring longterm competitiveness, and supporting the strategic development of Central Asian economies.

The article examines the methodological limitations of traditional competitiveness theories amid the transition to a polycentric global economy. Using a four-dimensional analytical framework and systemic approach, the study demonstrates that M. Porter’s paradigm, while valuable at micro level, proves insufficient for explaining contemporary structural transformations marked by digitalization, economic sovereignty, and value chain fragmentation. Empirical analysis reveals that Porter’s “diamond” determinants explain only 55–60% of economic growth variations, indicating theoretical gaps. The research highlights digital transformation as a key challenge, fundamentally reconfiguring all components of traditional models through AI, platforms, and new business models. As a theoretical alternative, the article proposes the concept of Sustainable Competitive Advantages (SCA), integrating macroeconomic regulation, industrial policy, and regional cooperation. Using the EAEU and comparative cases (China, Singapore), the study demonstrates the effectiveness of strategic protectionism and industrial cooperation. The findings have practical significance for developing new competitiveness indicators and policy tools adapted to polycentric realities.

In the context of the world transitioning to the Industry 4.0 stage and the intensive implementation of digitalization, human capital is acquiring a key role as a factor of highly efficient and innovative economic growth. The development of digital literacy is becoming an essential component of the basic skills required in modern society.The relevance of this study lies in the need to assess the level of human potential development in the EAEU countries, which is one of the key indicators of digital economy development. The aim of the article is to identify the factors influencing the dynamics of the Human Development Index (HDI) and to forecast its development both for Kazakhstan and across the EAEU. The article examines the main HDI indicators: life expectancy, education level, and quality of life of the population. To achieve this aim, an economic-statistical analysis and a factor-determined analysis using the chain substitution method were applied; the results of the study are presented in a comparative analysis. The information base consisted of statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, EEC reports, and UN Development Programme materials for the period 2018–2024. The analysis of HDI dynamics in the EAEU countries revealed that Kazakhstan shows significant progress (average HDI – 0.817), second only to Russia in terms of growth rate. The most significant factor driving Kazakhstan’s progress is the increase in gross national income (GNI) per capita in PPP terms (up to USD 36,600 in 2024). Despite these achievements, Kazakhstan ranks 174th out of 189 countries worldwide in healthcare spending (3.3% of GDP), which restrains the growth of the life expectancy index (LEI). To improve its position, Kazakhstan requires a comprehensive approach, including investments in education, healthcare, and the development of non-resource sectors of the economy.

The study argues that the development of Kazakhstan’s creative economy depends directly on the quality of human resource management (HRM) and on institutionalized, talent-supporting practices. Conventional industrial HR approaches do not fit the logic of creative labour; a flexible, human-centred and digitally supported HRM model is required. The aim of the article is to design a modular HRM model for creative-sector organizations and to empirically demonstrate its effect on key performance indicators. The scholarly and practical contribution lies in the operationalisation of employee experience (EX) and innovation-related metrics, which enables a shift from transactional to transformational HRM. The practical outcome is a “minimal” toolkit consisting of weekly check-ins, quarterly OKRs, mentoring, microlearning modules, recognition rituals and a basic HR analytics dashboard. Pilot implementation of the model in three creative organizations led to higher employee engagement, lower turnover and faster innovation cycles, confirming the need to combine flexibility with systemic HRM practices. Over the past two decades, research on the creative economy has moved from describing cultural industries towards conceptualising human capital as the core source of added value. While many studies address macro-level economic effects and cultural policy, substantially fewer examine HRM in creative sectors. This article addresses that gap by treating HR not as an auxiliary function but as a strategic condition for the sustainability of creative business in Kazakhstan.

This article explores inclusive (accessible to all) tourism as a factor in Kazakhstan's sustainable development, systematizing the institutional, socioeconomic, and technological prerequisites for its scalability. The theoretical basis is international frameworks (UN CRPD, UNWTO and OECD approaches) and national standards (ST RK ISO 21902-2024), while the empirical basis is official statistics from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan on domestic tourism and the demography of persons with disabilities. Methodologically, the study relies on institutional and structural-functional analysis, statistical and analytical methods, and a problem-oriented approach, which allowed for the construction of a multi-level institutional and economic model for the development of inclusive tourism. It is shown that adapting some infrastructure and implementing accessibility standards can increase industry revenues and contribute to GDP, reduce seasonality, and strengthen social integration and quality of life. Key barriers (lack of national certification, insufficient personnel and interdepartmental coordination, and uneven end-toend accessibility) are identified, and solutions are proposed: launching an Accessibility Index, certifying facilities and routes, incentivizing businesses (benefits/grants), integrating inclusive service modules into educational programs, and digitalization (VR/AR, eGov, navigation). The scientific novelty lies in combining international standards and the national regulatory and economic framework into a single applied model suitable for policy and management decisions.

This article presents a study of the interaction between gastronomic cinema and the food industry based on an analysis of international cases and the potential application of such experience in Kazakhstan. Based on the examination of various authors’ views on gastronomic cinema, the article formulates its definition as a cinematic genre or direction that tells the story of food culture, the process of preparing dishes, and the influence of food on people, their relationships, traditions, and worldview. Special attention is paid to exploring the history and evolution of gastronomic cinema. A classification of gastronomic cinema and a list of recommended gastronomic films are presented. The applied analysis of the influence of gastronomic cinema on the food industry includes popular films and series in which food and cooking play a central role, as well as international practices of using culinary narratives in marketing. Local Kazakhstani cases of integrating cinema and gastronomy are examined. The purpose of the study is to explore the impact of gastronomic cinema on the development of the food industry, the characteristics of global experience, and to analyze how this phenomenon is reflected in Kazakhstan, along with the prospects it creates for the development of the creative economy through the synergy between cinema and the food industry. Given the scarcity of research on this topic within the Kazakhstani academic field, the presented work has considerable theoretical significance and may serve as a foundation for further studies. From a practical standpoint, the research findings may be useful for creative professionals in the food and film industries. This article highlights the need for a comprehensive approach and interdisciplinary collaboration to develop effective strategies for promoting hospitality infrastructure for the growth of gastronomic tourism in Kazakhstan.

Medical tourism (MT), as a global industry, demonstrates steady growth, reaching over USD 100 billion in 2024 and projected to expand to USD 278.2 billion by 2035. This growth is driven by demographic shifts, technological innovations, and the increasing demand for affordable, high-quality healthcare services. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the competitive position of the Republic of Kazakhstan in this market, based on secondary data from academic publications, statistical reports, relevant sources, and market research on MT. Key strengths have been identified, including Kazakhstan’s leadership within the CIS region, a modern medical infrastructure, price affordability, and the presence of unique JCI-accredited clinics (6 institutions as of 2020, expected to grow to 9 by 2025). However, certain weaknesses are also highlighted, such as legislative gaps, a shortage of high-tech medical services, low international recognition, and absence from global medical rankings (for instance, not being among the Top 5 MT destinations according to Medplaneta.kz in 2025). The methodology is based on a qualitative content analysis of sources published between 2010 and 2025, considering recent trends such as the integration of alternative medicine and participation in international exhibitions. The projected potential for inbound medical tourists could reach up to 200,000 patients by 2030, provided that institutional reform recommendations–such as marketing digitalization and the expansion of accreditation–are effectively implemented.

The article presents the results of a comprehensive econometric study of the factors influencing the development of the tourism sector in the regions of Kazakhstan. The relevance of the work is determined by the need to diversify the regional economy and identify growth points in the context of increasing spatial disparities. The methodological basis used is the analysis of panel data for 17 regions of the country for the period 2001-2023. A multiple regression model was constructed, allowing for a quantitative assessment of the impact of key socio-economic indicators on the volume of tourism services. The research results show a significant disparity in the development of the regions of Kazakhstan. Leading regions with a high level of socio-economic development and developed tourism infrastructure were identified, as well as regions requiring priority attention and investment to unlock their potential. The results of the regression model demonstrate its high explanatory power (R² = 0.824), confirming the adequacy of the selected variables for analyzing the determinants of tourism development. It was established that consumer incomes (β = 0.385, p < 0.001) and the development of tourism infrastructure (β = 0.294, p < 0.001) have the most significant positive influence. At the same time, a statistically significant restraining effect of social inequality (β = -0.187, p < 0.001) and unemployment (β = -0.157, p < 0.001) was revealed. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of specific recommendations for the regional policy of tourism development, including the prioritization of measures to increase population income, infrastructure development, and the reduction of socio-economic disparities. The obtained results can be used by public administration bodies when forming spatial development strategies and support programs for the tourism industry in the regions of Kazakhstan.

Islamic finance represents one of the most rapidly expanding domains within the global financial sector. An increasing research interest in the intersection of Islamic finance and sustainable development opens new horizons in search for economically viable and socially responsible solutions to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). With the introduction of SDGs in 2015, Islamic finance has re-emerged as an alternative mode of financing sustainable development with its principles of supporting the real economy by backing every transaction with underlying assets and ensuring social impact. Despite a growing body of literature on the correlation of Islamic finance and SDGs as well as on Sustainable Islamic finance, there is a significant knowledge gap concerning Islamic financial instruments. The purpose of this study is to analyze the alignment between Islamic finance and its working instruments in enhancing the achievement of the SDGs. The study employs a comprehensive literature review and thematic analysis to assess this alignment, as well as statistical data analysis. This study makes a novel contribution by systematically mapping a broad range of Islamic financial instruments – including zakat, waqf, sadaqa/infaq, qard al-hasan, sukuk, musharakah and mudarabah and Islamic microfinance – against specific Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These instruments hold great potential as viable tools in achieving the SDGs across various sectors, particularly in developing countries, where financial inclusion and ethical investment practices can significantly contribute to social welfare and economic stability. The scientific significance of the article is in its contribution to expanding knowledge on the role of Islamic finance instruments in advancing the SDGs. The originality of the work lies in combining conceptual analysis with contextual application, thus providing both a theoretical framework and actionable pathways for leveraging Islamic finance to advance global development agendas.

This article explores the main directions for improving investment policy in the industrial sector of Turkestan Region. The relevance of the study is determined by the need for efficient utilization of the region’s natural, labor, and infrastructural potential. The research aims to develop mechanisms to enhance investment efficiency, attract new capital, and identify priority sectors to ensure sustainable economic growth. An economic and mathematical model of investment policy improvement is proposed, integrating a cluster-based approach, public-private partnership mechanisms, a digital investment platform, and a method for assessing the multiplier effect. The analysis shows steady growth in investment during 2021–2024, particularly in manufacturing and agriculture, which demonstrates growing investor confidence. The scientific contribution of the study lies in offering a new methodological approach to managing regional investment processes and developing a structured model for optimizing resource allocation. The practical significance of the research is reflected in the possibility of using its results to improve investment management, strengthen industrial and export performance, and create new employment opportunities.The research results can be used in the development of regional socio-economic development programs, industrialization strategies, and the improvement of government support tools for investors.

The purpose of this study is to identify and econometrically substantiate the impact of key macroeconomic factors on the development of the insurance market of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to strengthen the country’s financial system and enhance the role of insurance institutions in ensuring economic stability. The object of the study is the insurance market of Kazakhstan during the period 2014–2024, while the subject of the study is the relationship between the volume of insurance premiums and such macroeconomic indicators as gross domestic product per capita, average wages, the level of economic activity of the population, inflation, unemployment, and government expenditures on healthcare. The scientific significance of the work lies in the application of correlation-regression analysis methods to construct a model that allows for a quantitative assessment of the contribution of individual factors to the formation of insurance premiums. The analysis revealed that average wages and healthcare expenditures exert the strongest positive influence on the dynamics of insurance premiums, whereas the unemployment rate demonstrates a stable negative correlation. The obtained results provide a deeper understanding of the patterns of insurance sector development in the context of national economic transformation. The contribution of the study consists in the construction and testing of an econometric model that demonstrates the influence of macroeconomic factors on the insurance sector and can serve as a basis for further forecasts and recommendations. The practical significance lies in the fact that the results can serve as a foundation for developing strategies for the insurance sector, aimed at strengthening its resilience and adaptability to macroeconomic changes.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into financial risk management is accelerating globally and in Kazakhstan. These technologies enhance forecast accuracy and automate key processes, while simultaneously posing challenges for model transparency, decision ethics, and regulatory oversight. According to the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan, about 31% of financial organizations are already using AI, while among second-tier banks the share of users reaches 60%. At the same time, only a small portion of organizations have integrated AI across all key business functions, indicating that most market participants are at an early stage of digital maturity [1]. This study presents a 2010–2025 systematic literature review conducted under PRISMA principles, combining international evidence with the Kazakhstani context of applying AI/ML to various categories of financial risk (credit, market, operational, fraud/AML). Bibliometric and thematic analyses indicate a sharp post-2015 increase in publications, diffusion of complex architectures (deep neural networks, ensemble methods), and rising attention to explainable AI (XAI). Contemporary ML algorithms deliver substantial improvements in the accuracy, speed, and reliability of risk forecasts relative to traditional approaches [2], while limitations in interpretability and production-level implementation persist. The operational robustness of solutions requires MLOps practices (version control, automated deployment of software and models into production environments, and model monitoring and validation). The scientific novelty of the article lies in the comprehensive systematization of AI methods by types of financial risks (credit, market, operational, fraud/AML) with consideration of XAI, as well as the development of a structured roadmap for AI implementation for banks and regulators. The practical significance lies in a set of specific recommendations for the development of data infrastructure, model risk management processes, XAI tools, and SupTech solutions designed for use by financial organizations and supervisory authorities in Kazakhstan.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of logistics costs in Kazakhstan’s agro-industrial complex, including quantitative assessments, regional differentiation, enterprise-level accounting practices, use of the ABCcosting method, and digitalization processes. The study is based on official statistical data and field research from 15 agricultural enterprises in three key regions (North Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan, and Akmola). It was found that only 27% of enterprises use digital solutions, while 73% do not separate logistics costs in their accounting. The most significant cost categories were intra-farm transportation (24.6%) and warehousing (21.8%). The ABC-costing method revealed that loading/unloading and downtime losses significantly exceeded threshold values. Case studies on digitalization are presented: implementation of SAP/4HANA by Eurasia Group reduced costs by 22%, while Atameken–Agro JSC reduced transport losses by 63% through GPS-based internal logistics monitoring. Comparison with international practices (Netherlands, Germany, Brazil) shows Kazakhstan lags behind, relying on fragmented digital tools instead of comprehensive TMS platforms. The hypothesis that integration of ERP, ABC-costing, and IoT can reduce logistics costs is confirmed. Practice-oriented recommendations include the development of a national digital program, accounting standards, professional training, and infrastructure modernization. The work offers scientific and practical novelty due to its systemic approach, quantitative justification, and interregional scope.

This article examines the practices and prospects of applying artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the monitoring and analysis of civil servants’ performance in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the context of active digitalization of the public sector, AI is becoming a key tool for enhancing transparency, objectivity, and effectiveness in administrative processes. The aim of the study is to analyze the current opportunities for implementing AI in the evaluation of public personnel and to identify the conditions that enable effective realization of such approaches. The paper emphasizes institutional, technological, legal, and ethical barriers: the lack of monitoring standards, underdeveloped regulatory frameworks, shortage of qualified specialists, limited data access, and high implementation costs. The scientific novelty lies in the development of an original effectiveness assessment formula (E), which integrates both traditional KPI indicators and qualitative metrics derived from AI analysis. The practical significance of the study lies in the potential to use the proposed model for automated evaluation of competencies, motivation, potential, behavior, and performance outcomes of civil servants. The proposed system can be applied in procedures such as attestation, self-assessment, and monitoring, contributing to a more fair, adaptive, and transparent HR policy. The results support the development of approaches to the digital transformation of public service and can be used in reforming performance evaluation mechanisms.

This article examines the features of SME marketing in the context of digital transformation. The relevance of the topic is highlighted given the global digitalization of the economy and the growing importance of digital marketing for SME competitiveness. The purpose of the study is to analyze key trends, challenges, and opportunities associated with the implementation of digital technologies in SME marketing, drawing on Kazakhstan and international experience. Kazakhstan’s high internet penetration (over 90% of the population) and the rapid growth of social media use create favorable conditions for online promotion of goods and services. The research employs analysis and synthesis of scientific publications, statistical data, and recent reports. It was found that digital transformation opens new marketing channels for SMEs (social networks, e-commerce, etc.), allowing them to expand market reach and strengthen customer engagement at relatively low cost. At the same time, several constraints were identified: limited financial and human resources, insufficient digital skills, cybersecurity issues, etc., which impede the effective adoption of digital tools. The practical significance lies in summarizing recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of SME marketing in the digital age. The study concludes that further development of digital competencies among entrepreneurs and government support for small business digitalization are needed to ensure sustainable growth and competitiveness. Based on the findings, recommendations have been developed for SMEs and policymakers aimed at overcoming the identified challenges and more effectively leveraging digital marketing in the SME sector.

Digital transformation has become a decisive factor in reshaping courier logistics, particularly in emerging economies such as Kazakhstan. This article investigates how the integration of advanced digital technologies – including Internet of Things (IoT) solutions, artificial intelligence (AI) for routing, big data analytics, and platformbased service models – affect the efficiency and sustainability of last-mile deliveries in Kazakhstan’s major urban centers, specifically Almaty and Astana. Drawing on the Logistics Performance Index [1], OECD reports [2], and peerreviewed Kazakhstani studies, the paper applies a mixed-method approach combining systematic literature review, comparative benchmarking, and descriptive correlation analysis. The findings confirm a positive association between the adoption of digital tools and improvements in LPI sub-indicators, notably tracking and tracing and logistics competence. However, the study highlights several systemic barriers to scaling digital solutions: insufficient ICT infrastructure, fragmentation of data standards across platforms, and the absence of strong incentives for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). From a managerial perspective, the paper proposes the implementation of urban micro-hubs, open API standards for data exchange, and targeted support for SMEs and green fleets (EV and NGV). The research contributes to academic debates on sustainable urban logistics and provides practical guidance for policymakers and courier operators in Kazakhstan. Limitations include the lack of micro-level operational datasets, which constrain causal inference. Future research should apply panel econometrics and quasi-experimental designs to evaluate the measurable impacts of digital transformation initiatives on delivery times, costs, and carbon footprints.

This article examines the relevance of sustainable development management in logistics. In today’s world, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) aspects are key to ensuring the long-term efficiency and stability of logistics systems. The main goal of the study is to compare sustainable development principles in logistics based on foreign and domestic experience, identify their advantages and disadvantages, and propose ways to effectively apply them in Kazakhstan. The scientific significance lies in presenting an integrated approach to ESG implementation by analyzing logistics systems from a sustainability perspective. The research contributes both theoretically and practically to the intersection of logistics and sustainable development. Foreign companies such as Amazon and Toyota effectively apply logistics sustainability through carbon reduction, “green” transport, automation, and “Lean logistics.” In Kazakhstan, ESG implementation is still emerging. According to PwC, some large companies and government agencies achieve positive results by following environmental standards, saving energy, and adopting digital solutions. The article emphasizes the importance of adapting foreign experience to improve the domestic logistics system and demonstrates Kazakhstan’s contribution to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The value of the research lies in showing how international experience can be adapted to Kazakhstan’s economic and infrastructural context. The results have practical significance for logistics companies, government agencies, and experts in strategic planning, ESG reporting, environmental efficiency, and international standard adaptation.

Kazakhstan is located at the intersection of transport routes, including the Silk Road. The main objective of this article is to show the role of business process audit in rail freight transportation and the possibilities of improving its methodology. Tasks include considering the role of business process audit in the railway sector, audit methodology and possible areas for improving the audit of business processes in rail freight transportation.The study shows that business process audit plays an important role in risk management in rail freight transportation and contributes to improving consumer safety management. The main directions and ideas of the scientific research are to study the world and Kazakhstan experience of the methodology of auditing business processes of rail freight transportation. The scientific value of the research is manifested in the identification of key directions for the development of the methodology for auditing business processes in railway freight transportation, aimed at advancing this mode of transport. The conclusions drawn from the research can be practically applied in the establishment and improvement of organizational procedures, as well as in the enhancement of the methodology for auditing business processes in railway freight transportation. The implementation of the research results will allow for the expansion of the theoretical and practical foundation of auditing with modern tools and methods aimed at increasing the effectiveness of the development of the methodology for auditing business processes in railway freight transportation. The obtained results can be applied in the formation and implementation of programs aimed at the advancement of the methodology for auditing railway freight transportation.

Regional disparities in Kazakhstan and the level of healthcare system development directly affect sustainable development. In recent years, significant structural changes have been implemented to improve the quality of medical services, ensure effective healthcare financing, regulate the activities of public interest organizations, and enhance healthcare indicators across regions. These changes require systematic analysis to reduce interregional disparities, improve population health, and achieve sustainable development goals. The main objective of the study is to comprehensively assess the development of the healthcare system in Kazakhstan’s regions using the Regional Sustainable Development Index (SDI) and to identify the causes and consequences of interregional differences. The study employed normalization of healthcare indicators (number of doctors, number of beds, healthcare expenditures) using the HCI formula, cluster analysis of regions using the k-means method to identify three groups, and evaluation of the relationship between SDI and healthcare indicators through multiple linear regression and statistical methods. The results demonstrated significant correlations between healthcare indicators and SDI, with high-development regions showing close links to economic activity and staffing levels, reflecting the effectiveness of sustainable development policies. The scientific novelty of the study lies in providing the first quantitative assessment of healthcare system development in Kazakhstan’s regions based on SDI and identifying interregional differences. The findings support improving regional policies, efficient resource allocation, and the development of strategic decisions in healthcare.

Rural development through youth entrepreneurship contributes to sustainable development in the long term. The research aims to study the dynamics of youth entrepreneurship in rural areas, analyse trends in its development and develop strategies and recommendations to support young entrepreneurs, taking into account internal and external factors. To achieve the research objective, quantitative and qualitative methods were used. The dynamics of youth entrepreneurship in rural areas of Aktobe region over the past three years was analysed. These statistics were used to calculate a youth entrepreneurship activity index for rural areas of the region, based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) TEA (Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity) methodology. The SWOT analysis identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for youth entrepreneurship in rural areas. As a result of the TOWS analysis, strategies based on a combination of internal and external factors were developed. The authors argue that entrepreneurs’, i.e., young people in the context of this study, personal and professional characteristics must be considered when developing youth entrepreneurship strategies. They also emphasise the importance of considering the specifics of the location of entrepreneurial activity, i.e., the differences between rural and urban areas. The results of the study are the development of differentiated strategies, tailored to young entrepreneurs and rural areas, and comprehensive strategies in general. The study’s results can be used in scientific works on youth entrepreneurship and the development of youth business in rural areas, as well as in entrepreneurship education.

This paper explores the significance of women’s participation in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Republic of Kazakhstan and their role in advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Using statistical data provided by the National Bureau of Statistics, the study analyzes the structure of women-led SMEs, their sectoral and regional distribution, as well as employment levels. Particular focus is given to regions and industries where women’s representation is notably high and to those where it remains limited. The findings indicate that women’s entrepreneurial activity is primarily concentrated in socially oriented and service-based industries such as education, healthcare, trade, and personal services. The main objective of the research is to assess the contribution of women entrepreneurs to SME development in Kazakhstan and to examine the interconnection between women’s leadership, gender equality, and sustainable development initiatives. To meet these objectives, general scientific methods and approaches were applied, including comparative analysis, descriptive statistics, and trend analysis. The research subject encompasses the socio-economic aspects of women’s entrepreneurship, its sectoral composition, regional distinctions, and the strategic influence of female leadership on SME growth and overall economic resilience. The object of the study is women-led small and medium-sized enterprises in Kazakhstan. The article highlights the strategic importance of strengthening women’s leadership as a driver of inclusive economic growth and social stability. It also addresses the barriers that women encounter in business and offers practical recommendations aimed at enhancing their engagement and contribution to the national economy.

It cannot be denied that serious measures are being taken in Kazakhstan at the governmental level to promote employment and education among the population. However, current developments are facing an imbalance in the labor market and the higher education market (hereinafter referred to as LM&HEM). In the context of rapidly changing trends in the fields of labor and higher education, the issue is no longer merely about the interaction of their mechanisms, but about their integration when, taken together, quantitative and qualitative satisfaction with employment among the population will be achieved, thereby enhancing the socio-economic stability of the country. It is relevant to study international experience on this issue and the possibility of its application in Kazakh practice. The authors tried to analyze successful foreign models of LM&HEM interaction. The features of market interaction through the use of foreign models are revealed, which undoubtedly have an impact on meeting the needs of its participants. An assessment of the effectiveness of their use by end users is given through an analysis of the opinions of university graduates and employers. The empirical research method was based on the analysis of theoretical scientific material, using the tools of economic and statistical analysis, the study was made up of OECD indicators. The studied international experience of LM&HEM cooperation has revealed the high role of using incentive financial mechanisms. However, for the successful implementation of foreign models in domestic practice, it is important to take into account financial and organizational constraints, and the ability to adapt international practices. The results obtained allowed the authors to systematize the main stimulating areas of LM involvement in educational policy, the experience of which can be applied and adapted in Kazakhstan. The study of international experience on this issue and the possibility of its application in Kazakhstani practice are of particular relevance.