Small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) demonstrate stable growth in retrospect according to key indicators. The increase in manufactured products is inextricably linked with the growth of fiscal payments. The current tightening of fiscal policy may negatively affect the further development of SMEs. One of the approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the fiscal policy is the Laffer approach, which allows comparing the tax burden and tax rates, as well as comparing the calculated values with the actual data. The purpose of the study is to assess the tax burden of the domestic small and medium-sized business sector and develop recommendations aimed at supporting its development and ensuring fiscal revenues to the state budget. The research methods are statistics, numerical solution of differential equations, retrospective analysis, comparison, generalization. Conclusions are made on the possible reduction of the tax burden for SMEs by reducing the accumulated burden on the wage fund, abolishing mandatory pension contributions of the employer, as well as social tax. Reduction of fiscal payments due to easing of tax burden can be compensated by application of progressive taxation system in relation to individual income tax. Positive aspects of transition from flat to progressive taxation system are presented. Analytical conclusions can be used in foresight planning of SME development at macro regional level, analysis of tax burden by representatives of fiscal, economic development departments, interested persons

Gender policy plays a strategic role in ensuring the sustainable socio-economic development of Kazakhstan, as it aims to achieve equal rights and opportunities for women and men, along with the effective use of human capital. This article explores the main directions of gender-responsive budgeting and the improvement of gender policy monitoring in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study seeks to identify the dynamics of financing state and regional programs, evaluate their effectiveness, and outline prospects for strengthening monitoring mechanisms. The methodological framework involves horizontal and vertical analysis, a comparative approach, and content analysis of legal acts, strategic documents, and statistical materials, ensuring comprehensiveness and objectivity of results. The scientific novelty lies in a systematic assessment of the experience of implementing gender-responsive budgeting, including an analysis of women’s entrepreneurship support programs (Coca-Cola Belesteri, Umay, Umit), as well as educational and social initiatives, and their connection with national strategic priorities. The practical significance of the research is determined by the development of recommendations to improve targeting of budget expenditures, strengthen institutional monitoring, and introduce modern tools for evaluating effectiveness. The findings demonstrate that forming a sustainable system of gender-responsive budgeting requires not only adequate financial resources but also the integration of gender indicators into all levels of strategic planning, thereby contributing to the long-term development of a more equitable and gender-sensitive social policy

In the context of the growing strategic importance of Central Asia against the backdrop of the global transformation of the international relations system, the "5 + 1" formats are becoming an important instrument of foreign economic and foreign policy interaction of the countries of the region with the leading world powers – the USA, China, the EU, Russia and Japan. However, the implementation of initiatives within these formats faces a number of systemic challenges and constraints. The purpose of this study is to identify and comprehensively analyze difficulties slowing down the implementation of joint projects, as well as to find opportunities to improve the effectiveness of international cooperation. The paper examines institutional, political and economic, infrastructural, geopolitical and sociocultural barriers that limit the effectiveness of cooperation. The scientific significance of the study lies in the structured comparative approach to assessing cooperation in the five "CA+1" formats, as well as in identifying institutional deficits and contradictions between the interests of the parties. The results of the study enrich the theoretical base on regional cooperation, sustainable development and international economic integration. The practical significance lies in the development of applied recommendations for strengthening coordination, institutional support and increasing the effectiveness of foreign economic initiatives within the framework of “5+1”.

Amid Kazakhstan’s accelerated digitalization and national smart-manufacturing agenda, this paper presents a practice-oriented economic framework for evaluating, at the pre-design stage, the feasibility of deploying collaborative and mobile robotics in the automotive industry. The goal is to align engineering choices with production economics before on-site trials, reducing the risk of inflated expectations and showcase-only pilots. Methodologically, the framework combines conceptual modeling with quantitative screening: it decomposes total cost of ownership into capital and operating elements; maps operational effects across body/assembly stations, quality control, and inplant logistics; and ties these effects to measurable KPIs – overall equipment effectiveness (and its Availability- Performance-Quality factors), cycle time, defect rates, planned/unplanned downtime, and safety incidents. A distinctive feature is the explicit integration of infrastructure constraints and risk factors – precision and calibration requirements, connectivity and communication quality, safety for human – robot collaboration, cybersecurity exposure, and workforce acceptance – into both the economics and a managerial go/no-go checklist. The framework yields (i) a reproducible pilot → expand → scale pathway with milestone metrics, (ii) a structured data package to enable subsequent statistical verification and learning across pilots, and (iii) adaptable accounting rules that fit local procurement and budgeting practices. By making trade-offs transparent and context-aware, the approach supports Kazakhstani automotive firms in selecting viable use cases, sizing investments, and sequencing deployments in line with national digitalization priorities

The article is devoted to the study of market demand for robotic solutions in the automotive industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors examine the role of the automotive sector in the country’s industrialization and identify the main limitations of its technological maturity. Against the backdrop of the global transition to Industry 4.0, special attention is paid to assessing the potential demand for robotization and identifying priority segments for its implementation. The empirical basis of the research is the case of a leading domestic enterprise – LLP "SaryarkaAvtoProm". The methodology includes expert interviews, a large-scale survey (n = 520), and the analysis of statistical and industry data. The analysis shows that welding and painting lines, in-plant logistics, and quality control systems have the greatest potential for robotization. However, the high latent demand is constrained by several factors, such as the high cost of implementation, a shortage of qualified personnel, and insufficient service infrastructure. At the same time, drivers that stimulate the spread of robotization were identified, including the growth of production volumes, the transition to CKD assembly, and state industrial programs. The scientific novelty of the article lies in providing a comprehensive empirical assessment of demand for robotization, taking into account the production specifics of Kazakhstan’s automotive industry and global trends. The practical significance is determined by the possibility of applying the results in investment and educational programs as well as in public policy on industrial digitalization. The authors propose to consider the identified segments as priority areas for the development of strategies aimed at accelerating the digital transformation of Kazakhstan’s automotive industry

The impact of digital technologies on the marketing activities of companies is of great importance and considers such tools as social networks, big data and automation. Digitalization is changing approaches to customer interaction, personalization of offers and management of advertising campaigns. Digital transformation of marketing in Kazakhstan is one of the most important processes affecting the development of business and the economy as a whole. In recent years, global digitalization has changed approaches to doing business, and marketing has become an integral part of this transformation. In Kazakhstan, as in other countries, digital technologies are increasingly being introduced into companies’ marketing strategies. However, there are both challenges and prospects on the way to full digitalization. Digital marketing in the Republic of Kazakhstan has been actively developing in recent years, thanks to the growth of Internet penetration and the use of digital technologies in business. The main directions and ideas of scientific research are to study the global and Kazakhstani experience of marketing digitalization and its transformation in marketing theory and practice. The scientific significance of the work lies in identifying the main trends in the development of digitalization and diversification of marketing tools used in the educational process. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the results of the conducted research in the process of organizing marketing activities of enterprises of various types and forms of ownership. As part of the implementation of the research results, marketing theory and practice will receive modern tools and methods for more effective economic development using digital technologies. The results of the work can be used in the development and implementation of programs in the field of stimulating the development of digitalization in marketing

The digital transformation of the economy is marked by a fundamental shift in the logic of modern socioeconomic development. This process requires the accelerated creation of adaptation mechanisms at the micro, meso, and macro levels. The widespread adoption of digital technologies calls for new approaches to business organization and leads to the revision of traditional processes. Accordingly, the relevance of research aimed at introducing innovative technologies into various sectors of the economy, modernizing business processes, and enhancing entrepreneurial efficiency is increasing. The study is driven by the need to develop adaptive management approaches through the formation of business ecosystems. Their advantage lies in creating optimal value chains based on participants’ interaction and strengthening the capacity to adapt to dynamic external changes. The hypothesis suggests that business ecosystems, under conditions of digital transformation, enhance the efficiency of all participants. The purpose of the study is to develop and substantiate a methodological framework for building a management model of interaction among ecosystem participants aimed at improving entrepreneurial activity. The scientific significance is determined by clarifying methodological foundations for ecosystem formation and offering theoretical and practical recommendations to improve interaction management. The novelty lies in adaptive approaches to ecosystem management and a cluster-based model tailored to Kazakhstan’s real sector. The author’s contribution is reflected in advancing methods for assessing dynamic ecosystem development using time lags and quantitative indicators

This study aims to evaluate the level of overcoming barriers to scientific and innovative activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Materials and methods: in the first stage, key statistical indicators of research and innovation activities were identified and grouped to assess the barriers to research activities and technology commercialization. Parameters for evaluating research and innovation barriers were grouped accordingly. In the second stage, the level of overcoming barriers to scientific and innovative activities was evaluated using the Fuzzy approach (theory of fuzzy sets by L. Zadeh). The assessment methodology is based on the construction of fuzzy matrices, the formulation of linguistic variables, and linguistic recognition through defuzzification. The calculations based on statistical indicators were performed using a dynamic approach, in which each analyzed indicator reflects the growth rate of the corresponding factor influencing the level of barriers in research activity and the implementation of technologies in the real sector of the economy. Research results: the level of overcoming barriers related to staffing and those arising in implementing scientific and innovative activities has decreased over the past 7 years. From 2017 to 2019, obstacles to implementing R&D, technology commercialisation projects, and creative projects were successfully overcome. However, after 2020, this indicator significantly decreased. The level of overcoming factors related to the financing of scientific and innovative activities remains unchanged, indicating that problems related to funding R&D and technology commercialization projects persist. Based on the analysis, conclusions were drawn on the effectiveness of overcoming negative trends

In the modern economy, an organisation's presence in the digital space is crucial to its visibility and development, as businesses and investors increasingly rely on digital platforms to evaluate potential collaborations. The aim of this study is to analyse the representation of Kazakhstan's innovation infrastructure facilities in the digital space based on case studies, in particular the websites of 48 facilities. During the study, a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the digital maturity of Kazakhstan's innovation facilities was carried out: IT hubs, business incubators and special economic zones. It was found that most of the websites of innovation infrastructure facilities in Kazakhstan offer basic information, lack depth and interaction tools, and do not provide data on their activities, including investments, strategic plans and past projects. Integration with social networks is present, but engagement remains low due to infrequent updates and limited interactive content. An integrated index was constructed based on sub-indices for website functionality, transparency, social media activity, and informative updates. Factor analysis and multiple regression showed the importance of the type of object for their digital maturity: IT hubs are significantly ahead of other groups. The results obtained are recommended for use in monitoring the quality of digital innovation platforms and developing criteria for their digitalization. The study offers recommendations for improving the digital presence of innovation infrastructure facilities in Kazakhstan, including increasing the transparency of their websites, introducing convenient navigation, implementing multilingual support, and integrating interactive features. These improvements can help innovation infrastructure facilities increase their visibility, attract investment, and promote technological development

This article examines the investment cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the People’s Republic of China in the field of logistics and cross-border trade, focusing on strategic priorities and infrastructural synergy in the development of transcontinental transport corridors. The purpose of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of joint Kazakh-Chinese investment projects in logistics infrastructure (including the Khorgos “Eastern Gate” dry port and the integration of railway routes into the Belt and Road Initiative) and to assess their impact on trade flows and transport corridors. The scientific significance of this work lies in enriching the Theory of International Economic Cooperation with new evidence from the practical implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia, as well as in revealing the mechanisms of infrastructure integration, using Kazakhstan as a case study. The practical value of the results is reflected in recommendations aimed at improving the efficiency of logistics hubs and investment models, which can inform the strategic planning of transport corridors. The contribution of this research is a comprehensive analysis of the Khorgos dry port case and related projects, identifying key success factors and limitations (such as the dependence of transit shipments on subsidies and market conditions) and synthesizing the experience of Kazakhstan and China in aligning their infrastructure strategies. The study employs methods of systems and comparative analysis, a statistical review of trade and transport indicators, case studies, and content analysis of official documents.

Amid intensifying competition, effective cost management is emerging as a decisive factor in ensuring the sustainability and profitability of construction organizations. This study explores contemporary approaches to cost calculation and their adaptation to the specific features of Kazakhstan’s construction industry, which is distinguished by high capital intensity, long production cycles, and elevated risks. The research objective is to conduct a comprehensive analysis and integration of cost accounting and calculation methods with digital and strategic management tools, thus achieving a balance between the accuracy of financial calculations and the long-term market orientation of companies. The methodological framework combines general scientific methods with specialized approaches, including scenario modeling and the application of digital tools for cost management. The findings reveal significant differences in cost levels and profitability when various calculation methods are applied, as well as a mismatch between estimated and target indicators. These results highlight the necessity of adopting Target Cost Management (TCM) as a strategic instrument for aligning cost control with target profitability. The scientific novelty of the study lies in substantiating a comprehensive system of cost management based on the integration of advanced concepts with digital technologies. Its practical significance is manifested in the potential for construction companies to apply the proposed approach to optimize cost structures, improve the accuracy of cost calculation, enhance project management, and design innovative development strategies. The results obtained are relevant for corporate practice in the construction sector and may serve as a foundation for advancing industry-wide initiatives in digital transformation

This research article examines the impact of key external economic factors on food security in Kazakhstan, particularly focusing on the dynamics of domestic food prices in relation to global economic fluctuations. The purpose of the study is to identify and empirically analyze significant external economic determinants influencing Kazakhstan’s food security, providing evidence-based insights for policymakers. The research methodology includes quantitative econometric methods, specifically ordinary least squares regression, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis, utilizing annual statistical data from 2010 to 2024. The study is comprehensive and covers macroeconomic indicators such as the national Food Price Index, exchange rates, global food prices, GDP per capita, and government agricultural expenditures. The main results of the study show that global food prices and national income levels significantly influence domestic food price stability, whereas the direct short-term effects of currency fluctuations and government agricultural expenditures are statistically less pronounced. The analysis of statistical data highlights Kazakhstan’s susceptibility to global economic shocks and logistical disruptions, underscoring the country’s vulnerability due to import dependency and currency volatility. The study contributes to the literature by systematically addressing external economic determinants of food security in the context of Kazakhstan, an aspect that remains relatively underexplored in previous research. The practical significance of this research lies in its capacity to inform policymakers and stakeholders on adaptive strategies for enhancing the resilience and sustainability of Kazakhstan’s food security framework in the face of increasing global uncertainties

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals is a priority area of the modern development of the countries of the world. The Republic of Kazakhstan is no exception and actively participates in the process of achieving the ecological and economic sustainability of the regions. The problems of sustainable development of single-industry cities are of particular importance. Previously, this issue was practically not considered in the literature, which creates the prerequisites for conducting research related to the quantitative assessment of the sustainability of singleindustry towns, as well as the formation of proposals for the implementation of regional economic policies aimed at harmonizing public interests. This article provides a general analysis of the current ecological and economic situation in the single-industry cities of the Karaganda region, which showed that the problem of sustainability of these singleindustry cities is of great scientific and practical importance for this region. The purpose of the article was to study the environmental problems of the Karaganda region, using the example of single-industry towns: Balkhash, Temirtau, Abai, Saran, Shakhtinsk. Along with identifying the pollution problems of single-industry citis, an integral index of the economic sustainability of single-industry cities was also calculated using the example of the Karaganda region. In addition, this article provides a literature review based on relevant sources on sustainable development, identifies patterns of sustainable development, conducts an environmental assessment of the Karaganda region, including five single-industry cities, analyzes the natural resource potential of the Karaganda region based on an environmental assessment. The value of this article lies in its contribution to environmental and economic science in relation to a rational attitude to the environment and the achievement of sustainable development, as well as regional development taking into account the needs of future generations.

Climate change is one of the main challenges of the modern era, as it not only triggers natural disasters but also influences social, economic, and demographic processes. For Kazakhstan, its destructive impacts make the study of climate risks and their consequences for the national economy highly relevant. The purpose of this research is to develop recommendations for ensuring sustainable agricultural development under climate change at the national level. Agriculture is traditionally viewed from two perspectives: as a sector highly vulnerable to global climate change and as a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. The scientific significance of the study lies in the need for sciencebased recommendations for Kazakhstan’s adaptation to new climate realities. The proposed concepts identify key directions: innovative solutions to mitigate climate impacts, enhancement of agricultural insurance, wider adoption of organic practices, effective monitoring and evaluation of adaptation measures, and strategic planning for sustainable development and efficiency growth, considering the spatial distribution of agri-food production. The findings show that these directions should rely on comprehensiveness, strategic vision, and scientific justification. This approach will secure long-term resilience of the agrarian sector. The study also provides a regional assessment of climate risks across Kazakhstan and suggests recommendations to strengthen territorial resilience and adaptation capacity. The novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive assessment of climate change impacts on Kazakhstan’s agriculture through systemic, statistical, cartographic, and content analysis, enabling refined adaptation strategies and practical recommendations for agricultural policy

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the agricultural sector in the Turkestan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a region with significant agricultural potential. The research aims to identify key challenges, assess existing potential, and determine promising directions for the development of the region’s agro-industrial complex to ensure sustainable growth and food security. The main research areas include analyzing the dynamics of agricultural production, evaluating resource potential (land, water resources, climatic conditions), and examining investment attractiveness and infrastructure development. The study also considers socio-economic factors influencing agricultural efficiency, such as employment levels, population incomes, and migration processes. The scientific significance of this research lies in systematizing data and developing a methodological approach for a comprehensive analysis of the regional agrarian system. This enables the identification of interrelationships between various factors and their impact on industry development. Its practical significance is manifested in the formulation of concrete recommendations for government bodies and the business community on improving the investment climate, implementing innovative technologies, optimizing water resource utilization, and diversifying agricultural production. The value of this study is defined by its contribution to understanding the regional specificities of Kazakhstan’s agricultural sector, offering new perspectives for shaping effective state policies and development strategies aimed at enhancing the Turkestan region’s competitiveness in both domestic and international agricultural markets

The Republic of Kazakhstan is one of the regional leaders in grain production, and the export of grain and its processed products contributes to maintaining food security not only in Kazakhstan itself, but also in neighboring countries. Our own raw material base provides sufficient production capacity for the grain processing industry. However, limited domestic demand leads to long-term underutilisation of processing capacities in the current conditions. In this regard, the search for solutions to improve the efficiency of the grain processing industry is a pressing task, which is the focus of the current study. The paper provides a detailed statistical overview of the internal and external conditions of the grain processing industry. It assesses the factors driving the growth of domestic consumption and exports of grain and grain products and makes a forecast for the near future. The practical value of the research lies in a detailed analysis of the export features of the Republic, which is currently focused mainly on the markets of neighboring countries, the needs of these markets by products of the Kazakh grain processing industry. Based on a comprehensive analysis of national and international statistics, it is concluded that the long-term historical trend of the formation of the national grain processing industry based on the demand for flour from the Central Asian states is coming to an end. New players are entering the market, significantly limiting the prospects of traditional flour exports from the Republic of Kazakhstan. The structural and technological modernization of the industry is necessary in the direction of developing the production at the Chinese market. This will help preserve the grain processing industry in the country and bring it to a fundamentally new technological and globally competitive level.

Sacred tourism is a significant segment of the tourism industry, influencing the socio-cultural and economic development of regions. The Turkestan region, with its rich religious and historical heritage, attracts pilgrims and tourists from around the world. The aim of this research is to identify the key motivational and behavioral aspects of sacred tourism in the region and determine the factors that influence tourist satisfaction and their choice of tourism services.This research employs structural equation modeling (SEM) and the partial least squares (PLS) method, implemented using the SmartPLS 4 software. The analysis is based on data collected from tourists visiting sacred sites in the Turkestan region. The research focuses on variables such as tourists' financial capabilities, the level of tourism service, and their impact on the motivation to undertake pilgrimage trips. The analysis revealed that the level of tourism service and the financial capabilities of travelers significantly influence their motivation. It was found that tourists with higher financial means prefer more comfortable accommodation and transportation, which enhances their satisfaction and increases the likelihood of repeat visits. Additionally, the accessibility of information and the quality of service were proven to be key determinants of the tourist experience. The novelty of this research lies in the comprehensive analysis of the impact of financial capabilities and the level of tourism service on the motivation of pilgrims. The research contributes by providing practical recommendations to enhance the competitiveness of sacred tourism in the Turkestan region. The findings can be utilized to develop effective marketing strategies, improve tourism infrastructure, and enhance service quality in the sacred tourism sector.

The purpose of the article is to provide the author’s definition of the concepts of “sacred tourism” and “international tourism” based on the analysis of scientific research from domestic, foreign, and neighboring countries, materials of the International Economic Forum, and the World Tourism Barometer. The study focuses on indicators influencing the development of international tourism, with particular attention to statistical data and the content of several selected indicators affecting the tourism sector, in order to promote tourism development and achieve economic growth. According to the data of the Statistical Agency of Kazakhstan over the past five years, in order to determine the sustainability of the presented indicators and establish their priority, indicators with a strong statistically significant relationship with dependent variables were selected, and the results of data approximation were defined. The relevance of the article lies in the growing international tourism trend and achieving economic growth through the development of sacred tourism by preserving the historical and cultural heritage of the republic and increasing the flow of tourists visiting sacred sites. The study employs methods of statistical analysis, generalization, and comparison to examine the sustainability indicators influencing tourism and to determine their impact. The methods include calculating the arithmetic mean and the weights of normalized values for each direction, as well as conducting statistical analysis and comparison. Summarizing the article, the authors identified the differentiated influence of the selected indicators on overall sustainability, and based on the obtained results, a growth dynamic across the republic is expected. Furthermore, selected indicators for the period 2020–2024 have been determined for conducting scientific research. Based on the results of sustainable development indicators in the country, linear growth has been identified, encompassing each dimension

Space tourism is becoming a new milestone in space exploration on the horizon of technological development for humanity as a whole, opening commercial prospects and scientific opportunities. However, its development must align with the concept of sustainable development, minimizing environmental and social risks. Baikonur has been one of the main hubs of space tourism in the world since the launch of the first space tourist into orbit. Baikonur plays an important role in launching orbital and suborbital flights, including prospective tourist ones, both in terms of infrastructure and geographical location. This article assesses the compatibility of space tourism development centered on Baikonur with the goals of sustainable development and Kazakhstan’s national “Green Economy” strategy. The article discusses current environmental conditions, regional infrastructure, investment structure, and ongoing sustainability efforts in the Kyzylorda region, as well as their integration into the broader framework of the UN 2030 Agenda and national strategic documents such as “Kazakhstan–2050.”

National projects have become a tool for state strategic planning of the Republic of Kazakhstan since 2021. They are associated with the transition from previously used state programs to the format of fairly concise national projects, in which the goals, financing and responsible persons would be clear to all citizens. National projects were supposed to replace state programs. The revision, allocation of new projects and cancellation of the projects of the first list, which occurred later, showed the presence of errors both in project planning and in the implementation of activities, and in achieving the set goals. The purpose of the study is to identify the risks and problems associated with the achievement of the set goals both in the already canceled national projects of the first list and in the national projects of the Republic of Kazakhstan that are currently in effect. It will be important to identify the shortcomings of the initially developed and adopted system, taking into account the actual achievement of the goals set in the national projects, taking into account the possible achievement of those goals that are in the current national projects. The scientific significance of the article lies in the systematization of the theory of goal-setting in state strategic planning. The practical significance of the article lies in identifying errors and developing recommendations for the formation of goals and related indicators in the system of state strategic planning

Scientific publication activity is a key indicator of the development of the research community and reflects both the productivity and impact of scientists. This study aims to analyze the current state of publication activity among Kazakhstani researchers, identify existing challenges, and propose recommendations to enhance the effectiveness and quality of scientific publications. The research carries significant scientific value by integrating bibliometric data and international benchmarks (UNESCO, World Bank indicators) to provide a comprehensive evaluation of Kazakhstan’s research output. The practical importance is highlighted by the examination of issues such as the prevalence of lowquality journals and the mismatch between the growing number of researchers and the limited domestic publication venues. The findings underscore the dual role of publication activity: it increases the visibility and credibility of research while also serving as a basis for science policy and funding decisions. However, low citation rates and the persistence of outdated approaches in some institutions impede progress. The value of this study lies in its evidencebased recommendations to improve publication practices, including strengthening research quality, expanding international collaboration, and reforming institutional requirements. The practical outcomes of the study – such as specific measures to support journals and researchers – can guide policymakers and academic institutions in boosting the global impact of Kazakhstani science

The energy sector is a key foundation that ensures the sustainable economic development of any state. It not only provides all sectors of the economy with the necessary infrastructure but also plays a special role as a driving force of investment and innovative development. In addition, energy constitutes a significant share of GDP, contributes to the creation of new jobs, and promotes the establishment of enterprises with high economic efficiency. According to the International Energy Agency, by 2027 global demand for electricity will increase by approximately 4% annually, with 85% of this growth expected to come from developing countries. The current geopolitical situation, technological transformations, and the transition to a "green" economy highlight the relevance of this research. The main purpose of the article is to demonstrate that the efficient management of energy resources is a key factor in economic growth, as well as to analyze the current state of Kazakhstan’s electric power sector. As part of the study, the main indicators of the energy sector for 2020–2024 were examined, and a review of its structure was carried out. In addition, the economic performance of electricity enterprises was analyzed from a statistical perspective, with a comparative assessment conducted across different periods. At the global level, the positions of countries in terms of electricity production and consumption volumes were studied. The results and conclusions of the article, by providing specific information to the domestic scientific community, serve as an empirical basis for future research in the energy sector, which confirms the value of the work. During the study, a number of pressing issues in Kazakhstan’s energy and electricity sectors were identified, for which specific recommendations were developed. The practical significance of the research lies in the ability to identify regions with the greatest energy imbalances and to develop strategies for the advancement of regional energy infrastructure

The purpose of this article is to analyze the mechanisms for decarbonizing the energy sector in the context of achieving carbon neutrality in Kazakhstan. The study presents the results of research on the transformation of the country’s energy system, which accounts for more than 2/3 of national greenhouse gas emissions. An analysis of regulatory mechanisms for decarbonizing the energy sector is provided, and recommendations for their improvement to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 are developed. Sources of investment for transforming the energy balance and accelerating the development of renewable energy sources (RES) are considered. An analysis of tariff policy, the carbon regulation system, RES support mechanisms, and a comparative analysis with international practice are presented. An assessment of achieving carbon neutrality across Kazakhstan’s regions is conducted, taking into account economic instruments in the strategic program as of 2023. The article is prepared within the framework of implementing the Paris Agreement for participation in COP-29 (Baku, November 2024). The scientific significance of the work lies in a comprehensive analysis of regulatory mechanisms considering international experience and the development of adapted recommendations. The practical value consists in substantiating investments of $318.1 billion for energy balance transformation, identifying Kazakhstan’s lag behind developed countries in the share of RES (7.0% vs. 42% in the EU) and carbon price ($2–5/t vs. $80–90/t in the EU), as well as recommendations for accelerating tariff reform, reducing free quotas by 4–5% annually, developing comprehensive RES support, and ensuring a just transition. The results contribute to the implementation of national climate commitments and sustainable development

The article presents a review analysis of the “smart investment” concept as a tool for the strategic selection of sectors to diversify Kazakhstan's economy under conditions of limited capital. The main goal of the work is to systematize theoretical approaches and practical experience to identify priority areas for public investment aimed at reducing dependence on raw materials and stimulating the development of high-tech and innovative industries. The study applies methods of systematic literature review, comparative analysis of state programs of Kazakhstan and foreign countries (Malaysia, South Korea, Norway, Great Britain), as well as critical analysis of institutional mechanisms that promote integration into global value chains. The scientific significance of the work lies in identifying the factors that hinder and contribute to the successful diversification of the economy with limited resources, and in forming a theoretical basis for the development of a national “smart investment” strategy. The practical significance of the research is reflected in the development of recommendations for state bodies of Kazakhstan on prioritizing investment areas, improving the institutional environment, and supporting innovative clusters. The work contributes to the theory of smart specialisation by adapting it to resource-dependent economies. The results obtained can be used to formulate effective public policy, optimise the allocation of financial resources, increase the investment attractiveness of regions, and create conditions for sustainable economic growth

This article examines the digital transformation of the banking sector in Kazakhstan, focusing on the historical evolution of digital transformation and key technology drivers. By examining the trends, technologies, and challenges shaping modern financial institutions, this study systematically examines the revolutionary impact of digital transformation on the banking industry. In the context of global digitalization, Kazakhstan has demonstrated rapid adaptation of banking technologies, moving from traditional operations to flexible technology platforms. The study uses qualitative research methods, including analytical, systems, and integrative approaches. It shows how new technologies such as blockchain, digital wallets, artificial intelligence, and machine learning play a key role in improving customer experience, operational efficiency, and access to financial services. The study analyzes digital payment methods and card transaction patterns from 2019 to 2024, demonstrating a significant increase in the number of cashless transactions and widespread integration of online and mobile banking services. The results indicate that the banking industry in Kazakhstan, in addition to meeting international digital trends, is actively developing its own innovative environment. The explanation of digital banking development in Kazakhstan presented in the study highlights its scientific relevance. In practice, the results of the study provide financial institutions, fintech companies and policymakers with strategic ideas to improve digital accessibility, efficiency and competitiveness of the banking sector. The policy recommendations presented in this paper, aimed at promoting sustainable development of digital finance in our country, demonstrate their practical value

Agricultural cooperatives (ACs) play a key role in increasing rural incomes, creating jobs, and reducing farmers’ costs. This article aims to scientifically identify the most favorable regions for AC development in Kazakhstan by considering regional characteristics and the share of rural population, and to assess their impact on rural quality of life. To achieve this, several research tasks were carried out: a comparative analysis of the rural population share across Kazakhstan’s regions; within the framework of the maximum and minimum level methods, a dynamic analysis of the development of agricultural cooperatives (ACs) was conducted, and regions with the highest potential for further development were identified. The study focused on the following regions: Zhambyl, Kyzylorda, Mangystau, Atyrau, Akmola, North Kazakhstan, and East Kazakhstan oblasts. Based on the economic indicators of ACs, key parameters that may influence the income levels and quality of life of rural populations in these regions were scientifically substantiated. A multifactor correlation-regression analysis was used to determine the factors influencing rural population decline. The study covers the period from 2017 to 2023. It examines the relationship between population size, indicators of quality of life, and economic indicators related to ACs. Findings show that in regions with a growing number of cooperatives, the connection between AC development and rural quality of life remains weak. However, in regions that are major agricultural producers, this relationship is significantly stronger. Therefore, government bodies should clearly communicate the benefits of ACs to farmers, support the development of marketing, advisory, and technical service cooperatives, ensure access to land resources, and take into account regional specifics and the rural population share. Special attention should be given to the socio-economic impact of ACs on rural communities

The success of project team formations highlights the importance of human capital competencies. The human risk exists in all stages of project implementation. To solve this problem, personnel assessment and development are crucial in the formation of project teams. A methodology of this process includes three assessment directions for personal, professional, managerial, and interpersonal competencies. This study highlights the importance of competency map, gap analysis, and formation of individual development trajectories for project teams by and employee performance. The automated and objective personnel assessment enables a rapid response to any underperformance by employees. From this point of view, this study highlights the necessity of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) applications for assessing human capital competencies. It provides the efficient allocation of human resources and the assigned tasks of project team members. Furthermore, this study analyzes the results of the BCG (2020) report on global skills by reflecting the main challenges for project teams. Because of this analysis, this paper proposes the Future Skills Architect for project team members. Additionally, a competency map, gap analysis, and formation of individual development trajectories support to selection of the proper assessment tools for the project management environment in Kazakhstan.

The world economy is a system that is constantly evolving. Organizations must introduce creative initiatives in a competitive environment and abandon the usual business models to attract consumers. The global COVID-19 pandemic has thrown new challenges to the global economic system, driving it into a rigid survival framework. In such a situation, many organizations felt vulnerable and unable to compete. Others have begun to use innovative resources to retain their customers. The "service economy" concept has powerful potential for creating new opportunities in a crisis.The study aims to assess the Kazakhstani entertainment industry and predict development directions in the context of the global entertainment industry trends against the background of servitization processes. The research subject is the processes of servitization in the entertainment industry. The application of the positive approach resulted in the analysis of secondary information and quantitative research in the form of an online survey using the Google Form platform. When interviewing 60 respondents, non-probability convenience and judgmental sampling were used - the survey-involved students of Kurmangazy Kazakh National Conservatory and Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. The study's limitations are related to the study of show business, including music, cinema, and television. Looking at a broader range of entertainment industries requires more research. The conclusions drawn from the study results illustrate the typical situation for the Kazakhstani entertainment industry

The article examines the interrelationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainable business strategies in the small and medium-sized business (SMB) sector. The relevance of the study lies in the growing role of CSR as a factor that directly influences competitiveness, investment attractiveness, and the social legitimacy of enterprises. The main purpose of the research was to identify the impact of CSR integration on the resilience of business models and to substantiate CSR as a strategic foundation for long-term growth. The study is theoretical and review-based, relying on the analysis of scientific publications, international organizational reports, and empirical data. Systemic, comparative-analytical, and contextual approaches were applied, complemented by elements of content analysis and conceptual modeling, which enabled the identification of intersections between CSR and sustainable business strategies. The findings indicate that the evolution of CSR, from philanthropy and sponsorship to the strategic integration of ESG principles and the creation of shared value, has transformed the understanding of its role in business. CSR enhances corporate reputation, mitigates ESG-related risks, and builds trust among consumers, investors, and society at large. For SMBs, the main barriers remain limited resources, weak institutional support, and a short planning horizon. However, evidence from European and Kazakhstani practices confirms that CSR integration strengthens business models and creates new sources of competitive advantage. The value of the study lies in the development of an integrative model that positions CSR as a fundamental element of sustainable strategies. Its practical significance is reflected in the potential application of the proposed framework for improving strategic planning in SMBs and for fostering long-term “win-win” solutions for business and society