This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of auditor independence and professional ethics on the quality of financial statement audits. The relevance of the study stems from the special role of auditing in ensuring the transparency and stability of the economic system. The accuracy and reliability of financial reporting are among the key factors determining the effectiveness of managerial decision-making. Therefore, the high quality of auditing primarily depends on the auditor’s adherence to the principle of independence and compliance with professional ethical standards. Auditor independence is a fundamental principle that reflects the auditor’s ability to express a professional opinion free from any external or internal influence. It ensures the objectivity and impartiality of the audit process. Professional ethics, in turn, encompass a set of principles that regulate the auditor’s integrity, fairness, professional competence, and responsibility. Compliance with ethical norms strengthens public and business confidence in the results of the audit. The paper examines the development of the audit institution in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the process of aligning it with international standards, and the legal and regulatory framework aimed at ensuring auditor independence. It also describes the negative consequences of breaching independence and violating ethical norms for audit quality, financial market stability, and organizational reputation. The results of the study demonstrate that auditor independence and professional ethics are the key guarantees of audit quality. The authors emphasize the importance of implementing comprehensive measures aimed at strengthening ethical culture, improving professional standards, and safeguarding the auditor’s independence.

Internal audit is an integral part of modern corporate governance systems and plays a crucial role in evaluating and improving the effectiveness of an organization’s internal control mechanisms. Internal audit is considered an independent function within an enterprise, aimed at enhancing management processes, optimizing resource utilization, and reducing risks. This study analyzes the content of the internal audit system, its functions, its role in improving managerial reporting, and its significance in economic decision-making. The article examines the interrelationship between internal audit and the internal control system, highlighting their importance in ensuring the sustainable development of an organization. The study identifies the main functions and responsibilities of internal auditors and proposes mechanisms for effective organization of internal audit in the context of Kazakhstani enterprises. In addition, factors affecting the effectiveness of the internal control system and ways to improve it are analyzed. The authors emphasize the need to develop the methodological and informational base of internal audit to enhance the quality of managerial reporting. Internal audit ensures the accuracy, timeliness, and relevance of managerial reports, providing company management with reliable information for strategic decision-making. This, in turn, strengthens the financial stability of the organization and improves its overall efficiency. The study results identify modern directions for improving managerial reporting, including the implementation of digital technologies, the use of risk-based audit methods, and the advantages of automating internal audit functions. Enhancing internal audit enables organizations to increase transparency, flexibility, and the ability to implement long-term development strategies.

Today, one of the key factors ensuring the development of the state and its financial stability is the need to conduct environmental audits, as well as to take into account economic and political development factors. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, environmental monitoring is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which aims to improve the quality of environmental monitoring and enhance the standards applied to it. Environmental auditing allows assessing the impact of various sectors of the economy on the environment and developing measures to mitigate it. Controlling industrial facilities should include mandatory verification of their activities for compliance with environmental requirements, as well as state supervision. Improving the quality of environmental auditing can contribute to the improvement of the ecological situation and, consequently, the social well-being of the population. The aim of this article is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of compliance with the regulatory requirements for documenting environmental audits in Kazakhstan and to provide recommendations for improving the state of the environment and preventing ecological problems. The development of environmental auditing also contributes to strengthening the country’s economy by protecting natural resources. The policy of any state in this area is focused on preserving and developing a “green economy,” since environmental auditing impacts all industrial and economic activities. All enterprises in the Republic of Kazakhstan are required to conduct their activities in accordance with the Law on Environmental Protection. Conducting environmental audits helps avoid negative consequences such as fines, environmental damage, and, in some cases, even the cessation of business operations. However, legislation in this area is updated annually, which complicates compliance. To mitigate this risk, it is necessary to continually improve the quality of environmental auditing and develop its methodological base. Moreover, environmental auditing is a key factor in the growth of the “green” economy. Thus, by promoting the expansion and development of environmental auditing at the national level, the necessary conditions are created for achieving sustainable economic development in the country.

The article provides a detailed examination of how foreign investments influence the economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study examines the contribution of foreign capital to industrial and innovative growth, modernization of production infrastructure, introduction of modern technologies and management experience. The regulatory framework and mechanisms for supporting investment policy are differentiated, and the structural features and main directions of foreign direct investment are determined. At the same time, along with the positive impact of foreign investments on economic growth, the risks arising from national security, capital outflow and competitiveness of domestic production are reflected. The results of the study show that effective management of foreign investments is an important factor in diversifying and ensuring the sustainable development of Kazakhstan’s economy. However, dependence on raw materials industries makes the country vulnerable to external shocks, especially in 2024, as evidenced by the recent decline in FDI inflows and capital outflows. For sustainable growth, Kazakhstan needs to diversify investments into manufacturing, the digital economy and transport corridors, as well as increase the sustainability of the investment climate. Investments in infrastructure reconstruction and technological development in the construction of main pipelines, modernization of railway lines and creation of logistics hubs will strengthen Kazakhstan’s energy and transport links.The use of renewable energy sources (solar and wind power plants) and digital infrastructure is also developing. The proposed recommendations on the scientific and practical significance of the research results can be useful for both government program development and private organizations.

The article examines the impact of corruption levels and civil service ethical standards on the investment attractiveness of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Based on international rankings (Transparency International, World Bank, UNCTAD, World Economic Forum), a comparative analysis is conducted between Kazakhstan, Singapore, Georgia, and Russia. It is established that the level of corruption in the public sector directly affects the volume of foreign direct investment (FDI) and the country’s reputational capital. The study proposes directions for raising ethical standards in the civil service and improving anti-corruption policy as a tool for institutional trust and sustainable economic growth. The aim of the study is to determine the influence of corruption and the development level of civil service ethical norms on the investment attractiveness of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The paper demonstrates that institutional trust and the integrity of civil servants are key factors in the stability of the investment climate. Methods of institutional and comparative analysis are applied, as well as dynamic modeling based on international indices such as CPI, WGI, and FDI. Scientific novelty lies in the development of a conceptual framework of the relationship “Ethical Norms → Trust → Investment” and the proof that the ethical infrastructure of the civil service serves as an economic driver for attracting capital. Practical significance of the work consists in the recommended directions for improving anti-corruption and ethical policies, which contributes to increasing trust and enhancing the investment reputation of Kazakhstan.

Macroprudential regulation in banking system is the main tool of a regulator to sustain financial stability. Today the application of CAMELS model for banking system of Kazakhstan is still wide. By emergence of the model in the late 1970s in the USA, the introduction of it in Kazakhstan started from the early 2000s. Digitalization, complex financial products, operational risks, and macro-financial shocks are the main challenges to monitor and implement agile policy. The study labors grounded on data from 2015 to 2025 determine that Kazakhstan’s banking system has achieved the advancements in all macroprudential indicators of fiscal stability. The main evidence of that the prudential norm settlement that provide capital buffers to unexpected hazards, demanded liquidity level and reasonable profitability. However, the findings also reveal the threats of external environment to asset quality, indirect foreign exchange risk, and lowered financial intermediation. Today for banking risk assessment and rating Kazakhstan Deposit Insurance Fund still applies CAMELS model while supervisory standards of developed countries use forward-looking methods. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of advanced risk assessment tools that allow forward looking supervision power. The main purpose of this study to reveal the challenges for CAMELS based supervision in risk assessment and rating by adding forward-looking supervision methods. This research highlights the need for advanced supervision in terms of digitalization and rapidly changing environment. Meanwhile, this study proposes more advanced risk assessment framework rather than CAMELS Model.

The fourth-level budget is a vital instrument for rural development; however, Kazakhstan’s current legal framework is insufficient for rural akims to perform their functions effectively. The absence of a specialized regulatory framework governing local self-government (LSG) budget management remains a significant institutional challenge. This article examines the regulatory and institutional sustainability of the fourth-level budget, focusing on the Turkestan Region. As the region with the highest number of rural settlements and the largest rural population share in Kazakhstan, it represents a strategically vital case for fiscal management research. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the institutional mechanism using correlation analysis of executed budget data from 2019–2024. The findings reveal an “institutional dependency trap”: a near-perfect correlation coefficient between total revenues and received transfers ($r = 0.99$) confirms that the management mechanism remains estimate-based and passive. In this model, rural akimats function merely as transit fund distributors. Conversely, a strong significant correlation between tax revenues and asset management ($r = 0.89$) identifies a crucial hidden driver for fiscal autonomy and self-development. To modernize this mechanism, the authors propose: resolving “institutional dualism” by redefining the Akim as the “CEO of the local community,” accountable primarily to the Kenes (Local Council) rather than the executive vertical; implementing a “Retention Bonus” model, allowing districts to retain 100% of surplus tax revenues without a subsequent reduction in transfers; enhancing public participation via mandatory e-voting on the “Open Budgets” portal for projects exceeding specific value thresholds. The practical significance lies in transforming rural administrations into autonomous, robust institutions of local self-government.

A dynamically changing market economy requires companies to change traditional budgeting methods. Classic annual budgeting is becoming irrelevant in conditions of high uncertainty. The pandemic and economic upheaval have only exposed the shortcomings of rigid budgets – many CFOs note that the time has come to seek alternatives that are more flexible. As a result, modern budgeting approaches have developed, allowing organizations to quickly adapt plans, manage resources more effectively, and maintain the alignment of finances with strategic goals.The purpose of this article is to examine these approaches, identify their advantages and limitations, examine their impact on strategy and implementation experience in companies (including Kazakhstan), and explore the role of digitalization in transforming the budgeting process.This article has high scientific and practical significance due to the fact, that some budgeting methods are insufficiently studied, and not reflected in modern research. Furthermore, the application of modern methods allows enterprises, particularly those in Kazakhstan, to choose ways to create effective cost accounting and control systems, where resource management errors can lead to a decrease in business competitiveness. Many Kazakhstani enterprises face challenges such as inefficient resource use and a lack of a systematic approach to planning. Under these circumstances, the implementation of effective budgeting methods becomes a key tool for informed management decision-making. This article addresses these challenges, highlighting its practical and theoretical significance. This research may be useful for companies seeking to optimize costs and improve financial discipline.

This study aims to empirically assess the relationship between ESG indicators and financial performance within the framework of integrated reporting. The relevance of the study is due to the growing need for large industrial enterprises in Kazakhstan to take into account the impact of ESG factors on strategic development and financial performance. The empirical basis of the study was provided by data from the integrated sustainability reports and financial statements of Eurasian Resources Group (ERG) for 2013–2024. The research methodology includes descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, multiple linear regression, and dynamic graphical analysis. CO 2 emissions, social investments, and the proportion of independent directors were used as ESG variables, while net profit was used as a financial result. The results demonstrate a strong negative correlation between CO2 emissions and net profit, while social investments and the proportion of independent directors have a positive impact on financial performance. The multiple regression model allowed us to quantify the contribution of ESG factors and showed that corporate governance is the most significant predictor of financial performance. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the first comprehensive and empirically grounded analysis of ESG financial interrelationships at the firm level in the Kazakh context within the framework of integrated reporting. The practical significance lies in the formation of scientifically sound and applied recommendations for integrating ESG metrics into strategic planning, risk management, and improving corporate sustainability.

This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the factors shaping the export potential of the meat industry in the Turkestan region under the conditions of transformation of the agro-industrial complex and the strengthening of Kazakhstan’s export-oriented economic development. The relevance of the research is determined by the strategic role of agricultural exports in economic diversification, the growing external demand for meat and halal products, and the need to enhance the competitiveness of regional producers in international markets. The purpose of the study is to identify and systematize the financial, institutional, production, and infrastructure determinants influencing the development of the export vector of the regional meat industry. The study employs systemic, institutional, and comparative approaches, as well as econometric analysis based on panel data for the period 2013–2025, which ensures a comprehensive and reliable assessment of the processes under consideration. The scientific contribution of the research lies in the development of an integrated analytical model reflecting the interrelationship between financial mechanisms, the institutional environment, and production and infrastructure parameters in the development of meat exports. The results demonstrate a statistically significant impact of subsidies, investment activity, production volumes, and exchange rate factors on export dynamics, while the high cost of credit resources continues to exert a constraining effect. The practical significance of the study is expressed in the formulation of applied recommendations aimed at improving financing mechanisms, modernizing processing and logistics infrastructure, expanding cooperation, and digitalizing supply chains. The research findings may be used in the development of state agricultural policy, regional agro-industrial development programs, and export strategies.

This scoping review aims to bring together what we know about digital financial literacy (DFL), especially for older adults. It explores how DFL is defined and understood, how it’s measured in different studies, and what kinds of educational programs have been developed to support older people in managing their finances online. This review was guided by the PCC (Population, Concept, Context) framework, allowing for the inclusion of studies on adults aged 18 to 79 to draw insights relevant to older adults. A systematic search of the Web of Science database (2014–2025) was conducted, followed by a two-stage screening and full-text review process. Data were extracted and thematically analyzed to identify how digital financial literacy is defined, measured, and supported through educational interventions, with a focus on age-specific needs and challenges. The review found that most studies assess digital financial literacy (DFL) using surveys and self-report questionnaires focused on knowledge, skills, and fraud awareness. Behavioral experiments, such as randomized controlled trials, provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of different educational approaches. Emerging frameworks emphasize integrating digital literacy with financial literacy and highlight the need for culturally and contextually adaptable interventions, especially for older adults and underserved populations. This review highlights the critical need for integrated financial education that combines knowledge, digital skills, and consumer protection, especially for older adults.

The article provides a comprehensive assessment of the current state and development trends of the mechanical engineering industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of digital transformation and the introduction of robotic solutions. Mechanical engineering holds strategic importance in the national industrial structure. At the same time, the sector demonstrates signs of technological lag. These include a low level of automation, limited use of digital platforms, and a high dependence on imported technologies and components. This situation necessitates an empirical assessment of the digital readiness of enterprises, taking into account national industry-specific features. The aim of the study is to determine the level of digital maturity of mechanical engineering enterprises and to identify the factors constraining automation and robotization processes. The methodology includes a structural and dynamic analysis of the industry for 2020–2024. Official statistical data and foreign trade indicators were used. A survey of 150 representatives of mechanical engineering enterprises from different regions of Kazakhstan was conducted. Data processing involved grouping, comparative, and coefficient analysis methods. An original integrated digital readiness index was developed. It is based on the level of automation, the use of ERP and RPA solutions, and selfassessment of digital maturity. The calculated value amounted to 0.62 out of 2 possible points. This corresponds to the initial stage of digital transformation. A structural gap between production growth dynamics and the level of technological modernization was identified. Priority areas of automation were determined. Investment, personnel, and institutional measures aimed at stimulating digital transformation were substantiated. The findings may be used in shaping industrial policy and developing technological modernization programs.

The article examines the strategic partnership in the development of the Eurasian transcontinental transport corridor system, as well as in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the People’s Republic of China. Special focus has been placed on the Kazakhstani section of the Middle Corridor (Trans-Caspian International Transport Route) – a multilateral, multimodal route connecting Chinese and European marketplaces through Kazakhstan and the Caspian Sea. The aim of the work is to determine how the mechanisms of synergy of infrastructure (infrastructure synergies) and factors defining corridor sustainability are determined using World Bank data (WITS, Logistics Performance Index), analytical material of international organizations, and scientific papers registered in Scopus. The article states that “physical” investments in railway, port, and terminal infrastructure can only yield long-term economic benefits if they are accompanied by trade facilitation, the electronic integration of all procedures, and the formation of institutional corridor governance structures. It has also been demonstrated that the primary restriction in the Middle Corridor is the extreme variability in transit times and costs; this restriction occurs in the majority of cases at intermodal nodes and border crossing points. Therefore, the authors propose a framework for developing corridors based on services, in which priorities are established end-to-end using indicators of logistics service reliability, and transit nodes are converted into logistics and industrial clusters. The practical importance of the research lies in substantiating the direction for Kazakhstan’s investment policies and forms of cooperation with China to reduce delays, increase predictability, and increase domestic value-added.

The article examines features, risks, and prospects for expanding economic cooperation among Central Asian countries within «5+1» formats – a model where five regional states (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan) cooperate with one external partner (USA, China, Russia, EU, or Japan). These formats serve as instruments for integrating Central Asia into the global economy. Their flexible, weakly institutionalized nature increases adaptability but also enhances vulnerability to geopolitical, infrastructural, institutional, and climate-related factors. This institutional specificity creates significant potential for deepening cooperation, provided systematic risk management is applied. The research aims to identify prospects for expanding economic cooperation within «5+1» formats through systematization and assessment of potential risks, using institutional approach, SWOT analysis, and risk mapping. The paper classifies risks by economic nature, probability, and degree of impact, substantiating the possibility of transforming identified risks into strategic directions for developing trade, investment, transport, energy infrastructure, and ESG agenda. Scientific significance lies in developing a risk-oriented and perspective-oriented analytical model for «5+1» formats, previously studied mainly in political-diplomatic context. The study expands theoretical views on hybrid forms of international economic cooperation, demonstrating that risks can serve not only as vulnerability sources but as drivers of regional economic growth. Practical significance consists in applying results toward foreign economic policy development, transport-logistics cooperation, harmonization of technical standards, digitalization of customs procedures, and integration of ESG principles into joint economic initiatives of Central Asian countries and external partners.

The creative industries sector holds considerable potential to contribute to the development of the transitive economies of Central Asian countries by creating high-skilled jobs and promoting sustainable socio-economic growth. Amid the accelerating regionalization of the global economy and the deep transformation of traditional cultural and economic development models, investigating the integration potential of creative industries has gained heightened relevance from both scientific and practical standpoints. For Central Asian countries, creative industries are not merely a significant driver of economic growth but also a powerful instrument for fostering supranational identity, strengthening cultural cohesion, and establishing enduring networks of cross-border cooperation.The aim of this study is to develop a theoretical and methodological framework for assessing the integration potential of creative industries in Central Asia through a comprehensive multi-level approach. The analysis substantiates the need to shift from fragmented examinations of individual national creative sectors to a systematic analysis of the regional ecosystem, in which institutional, economic, sociocultural, and digital factors emerge as critical drivers of integration. The methodological foundation rests on concepts of regional economic integration, creative economy theory, institutional and network approaches, supplemented by methods of comparative analysis, indexing, and scenario modeling. The article proposes the author’s model of the Integration Index of Creative Industries in Central Asia, which provides a quantitative assessment of the level of interconnectedness among the countries of the region and also allows for the systematic identification of key bottlenecks that hinder the further deepening of integration processes in the region.The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of a conceptually and methodologically integrated toolkit for analyzing the integration of creative industries at the supranational level, consistently adapted to the socioeconomic and cultural specificities of Central Asia. The practical significance of the work is determined by the broad applicability of the obtained results in the development of regional development strategies, targeted programs for supporting creative industries, as well as interstate initiatives in the fields of culture and economy.

In Central Asian countries, there is a complex relationship between economic growth, energy consumption, and environmental pollution. An increase in economic production is often accompanied by an increase in energy consumption, which, in turn, can lead to an increase in pollutant emissions. However, there are opportunities to break this link, for example, by increasing energy efficiency and switching to renewable energy sources. Taking into account the environmental goals stated at different levels of the global community, the main purpose of this study is to test the relationship between economic growth, greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption – the so-called “3E” model. This allows us to develop recommendations for different countries. An analysis of the Central Asian (CA) countries using panel data and time series for the period 1990–2024 revealed significant changes in the relationship between these three variables, especially as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, some countries have managed to achieve decoupling of emissions and economic growth. Nevertheless, the persistence of carbon-intensive energy consumption patterns in Central Asian countries remains a major obstacle, underscoring the need to step up efforts to introduce green technologies and transition to sustainable economic development.

The article examines the main factors of uncertainty and risk that influence economic decision-making in Kazakhstan. In the context of dynamic changes in political, economic, and social spheres, the country faces various challenges that complicate strategic planning and management. Special attention is given to political and economic uncertainty, international factors, social risks, and technological threats. The article concludes that structural reforms and economic diversification are necessary to minimize risks and create a predictable economic environment. The study of these factors will help better understand how to mitigate economic risks and ensure stable development of the country under conditions of uncertainty. Kazakhstan also depends on global oil prices and other natural resources, which generates economic instability. A drop in oil prices can lead to budget deficits and crises in certain industries. Other economic risks include fluctuations in the tenge exchange rate, inflation, potential banking crises, and limited opportunities for economic diversification. To minimize risks, it is important to implement structural reforms, diversify the economy, and develop the legal framework to create a predictable and sustainable economic environment. In light of global challenges, geopolitical instability in neighboring countries, and climate change, managing risks and uncertainty becomes critically important for Kazakhstan’s sustainable development. The relevance of the topic is further emphasized by the need for economic diversification, attracting investments, and adapting to new technological changes. However, changes in legislation and non-transparent business conditions may raise concerns among investors.

Technological leadership is a key factor in the economic competitiveness and innovation potential of any country. Numerous scholars and international institutions have studied various aspects of how countries achieve and maintain technological leadership. Over the past two decades, the manufacturing industry has undergone a profound transformation, catalyzed by the rapid integration of advanced digital technologies and innovative strategic approaches. In the context of global competition, changing consumer demands, and sustainability imperatives, manufacturers are forced to adopt innovative strategies that enhance productivity, flexibility, and resilience. This article examines technological leadership as a key factor in stimulating national innovative development. Based on the analysis of international rankings and innovation indicators, a comparison is made of the top 10 countries demonstrating strong positions in technological progress, including the United States, China, South Korea, Germany, and other leading economies. Particular attention is paid to Kazakhstan, where current achievements and limitations in innovation, patent activity, R&D, and high-tech exports are identified. The study demonstrates that technological leadership is formed through the systemic interaction of science, education, business, and government, as well as through the development of digital platforms and industrial ecosystems. This comparative analysis allows us to identify strategic areas for strengthening Kazakhstan's innovative potential in the context of global competition.

In the context of economic transformation and the urgent need for technological modernization, Kazakhstan faces the challenge of building an effective corporate innovation system (CIS). The purpose of this study is to analyze the current state of the corporate innovation system, identify barriers and institutional constrains, and develop practical solutions to overcome them. The study is based on an empirical analysis of innovation activity dynamics, sectoral and regional disparities, investment structure, and institutional limitations affecting corporate innovation development in Kazakhstan. As a result, two complementary management models are proposed: the state-corporate model, focused on institutional support and coordination of innovation infrastructure, and the digital venture model, based on private initiative and flexible market mechanisms. It has been established that the most effective option is a phased combined approach, which implies a gradual transition from state-dominated incentives to a sustainable and self-developing innovation architecture. The value of the research lies in substantiating the institutional nature of existing constraints and in proposing a management framework that links innovation policy instruments with the level of corporate and regional innovation maturity. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of systemic models for managing the corporate innovation system, while the practical significance is determined by the possibility of applying these models in the design of national strategies, sectoral roadmaps, and corporate innovation development programs.

This study examines industrial development trends in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of global competition, scientific and technological progress, the need for sustainability, and the development of a "green" economy. It focuses on the transition of industrial enterprises to a business model that meets sustainability requirements. The objective of the study is to develop a business model that anticipates profit and profitability growth through ESG (environmental, social, and governance) factors. The study proposes an innovative business model that embraces new economic and organizational approaches. These include investment priorities in ESG factors, including platform-based greening of production and reengineering of the industrial enterprise's social and corporate systems. Management system reforms are proposed, focusing on the use of innovative organizational and management structures built on a process-based approach and effective interaction between business processes. A wide range of international ESG transformation standards are incorporated into the management reform. The study has both scientific and practical significance. Scientific data was obtained characterizing the trends in companies' transition to ESG principles and the problematic target areas of competitive advantage, contributing to the theoretical and methodological foundations of sustainable development. The practical significance of the study lies in the application of the business model in companies' operations, which will accelerate their transition to ESG principles and create conditions for sustainable development in the global competitive landscape. The results of the scientific study will be applied in the implementation of state industrial development policies at the macro- and mesoeconomic levels.

In the context of the transformation of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan towards sustainable development, the development of a system of quantitatively measurable circular economy indicators is becoming increasingly important. The lack of unified methodological approaches to assessing circularity in agricultural production limits monitoring capabilities, interregional comparability and the justification of management decisions. The purpose of this article is to analyze international methodological approaches to circular economy assessment and to develop an adapted toolkit for measuring circular processes in the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan. The study applies methods of system analysis, comparative review, index modeling and expert assessment. International indicator frameworks are examined, including the approaches of the European Commission, the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and BEROC, as well as KPI-based methods for assessing business circularity. Based on international experience and the results of the author’s calculations for agricultural enterprises in the northern regions of Kazakhstan, an integrated system of indicators is proposed that reflects the economic, environmental and social effects of closed production cycles. The integration of circular economy principles with digital and lean management tools is considered an important factor in improving the sustainability and competitiveness of agricultural production. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of an aggregated circularity index for the agro-industrial complex, adapted to the biological and seasonal characteristics of agriculture in Kazakhstan and based on the integration of LCA and ESG assessment methods. The practical significance of the results is determined by their applicability in agrarian policy design, sectoral program development and circular economy monitoring.

In today's environment, locust population control is viewed not only as a means of protecting agriculture but also as a strategically important source of an economically valuable resource. The aim of this article is to assess the potential of locusts as a bioresource for various industrial sectors and to substantiate their role as a sustainable and an effective alternative to traditional methods of population management. The methods include qualitative analysis to substantiate the relevance and identify trends in the use of representatives of the Acrididae family (Acridae), quantitative – to compare the costs of protein production from various types of raw materials, systematic – to study the economic and environmental aspects of the bioconversion of acrid, computational–analytical – to assess the effectiveness of the combined insect farm project and abstract-logical – to formulate conclusions and substantiation of the directions of further advancement of the object under study. The scientific novelty consists in the development of a circular model of bioconversion of wild and cultivated locusts into innovative products through the scaling of production, combined insect farms, feed mills and agro-processors. The practical significance manifests itself in the possibility of implementing this model through state support, improvement of the regulatory framework on the topic under study, certification, standardization, as well as research and information and educational support for producers. This contributes to the diversification of agricultural producers' income and the strengthening of local production chains. The proposed layout is focused on improving resource efficiency, minimizing agro-ecological risks, and expanding the range of entomological products. It stimulates the development of resource-saving and modern technologies, as well as creates conditions for implementing a set of marketing activities that promote highvalue-added products in the domestic market and strengthen export potential.

With the global sustainability agenda gaining momentum, the importance of integrating ESG approaches into business assessment and regulation is growing. This issue is particularly relevant for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which, while being a key driver of economic growth, face institutional and resource constraints in implementing sustainability principles. The analysis of European Union practices allows us to identify ESG regulation priorities and identify opportunities for adapting them to national conditions. The aim of the study is to develop and scientifically substantiate a system of ESG indicators for the sustainable development of SMEs, adapted to the institutional conditions of Kazakhstan and applicable to assessing the effectiveness of state policy to support entrepreneurship based on harmonization with European standards.The scientific novelty of this study lies in its systematization and structuring of a system of indicators for the sustainable development of SMEs in Kazakhstan based on existing state programs, such as the "Business Roadmap" (BRM-2025) and the "Concept for the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Entrepreneurship in the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2030" (Concept for the Development of SMEs in the Republic of Kazakhstan), using an ESG approach. This revealed the predominance of economic and social indicators, while environmental and management indicators are insufficiently formalized. The value of this study lies in the development of a methodological framework for assessing the sustainability of SMEs. The practical significance of the results lies in the potential use of the proposed indicator system by government agencies and financial institutions to monitor, adjust, and improve the effectiveness of SME support measures in Kazakhstan.

This paper investigates the theoretical underpinnings and applied dimensions of outsourcing within public administration systems, with particular attention to its contribution to governance efficiency. In the public sector, outsourcing has emerged as a key strategic instrument enabling governments to cope with fiscal constraints and accommodate growing demands for operational agility. The conceptual framework integrates Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), Agency Theory, and Resource-Based Theory. Collectively, these analytical lenses posit that outsourcing can lower expenditure, elevate service standards, and free government bodies to prioritize their principal mandates – corroborated by quantitative benchmarks: U.S. federal IT outsourcing achieved a 23% cost reduction (2018–2023), UK PPP infrastructure projects recorded 18% savings relative to conventional procurement, Sweden’s digital service outsourcing compressed processing times by 35%, and Australia’s shared-service platform reduced administrative overhead by 27%. A structured comparison across the United States, United Kingdom, Sweden, Canada, and Australia reveals how national priorities shape model selection and control architecture. Three dominant configurations are identified: contract-based outsourcing for standardised recurrent tasks, Public-Private Partnerships for capital-intensive infrastructure, and strategic alliances for innovation-driven service areas. Each configuration yields specific performance dividends – quantified through KPIs: contract outsourcing trims operating costs by 15– 25%, PPPs accelerate delivery by 45% with budget overruns down 20%, strategic alliances generate 2.8x more innovative outputs, and citizen satisfaction advances from 67% to 83% on average. These gains are accompanied by governance challenges, including heightened contractor dependency and quality assurance complexity, underscoring the need for robust supervisory structures and institutional transparency. The study argues for contextually calibrated outsourcing strategies and adaptable control frameworks as prerequisites for sustained public sector performance improvement.

The purpose this article stems from the existing problems of insufficient adherence to the principles of interdisciplinary methodology when using mathematical methods in socio-economic research over the past ten years. The article aims to present a detailed methodology for interdisciplinary research, illustrated with a specific example of using mathematical methods in socio-economic studies within the integrative framework of scientific knowledge. A statistical analysis of the causal relationships underlying the decline in overall birth rates in Kazakhstan and the number of children born by birth order over an extended period has been conducted. Furthermore, the validity and reliability of the conclusions drawn from the statistical analysis are confirmed using a mathematical method based on statistical dependency equations. The value of the article lies in outlining the procedure of interdisciplinary research methodology applied to the study of demographic processes using mathematical methods. The importance of implementing the principles of interdisciplinary research methodology is demonstrated through a concrete demographic study, particularly when applying commonly used correlation-regression methods. Additionally, the selection of the mathematical method is considered in accordance with the research objectives, including the methodology for applying statistical dependency equations to the subject of study. For the first time, forecasts are calculated using normative computations. The study reveals that the dynamics of the total number of children born in Kazakhstan are influenced by the number of children born by birth order, including the identification of reasons for the sharp decline in the number of first- and second-born children, and their future prospects. The causes were primarily the reduction in the number of women of childbearing age. To maintain a stable generation in the near future, attention should be given to large families (with more than 4–5 children) and state support should be provided to them.

The article examines the main factors influencing the price of three-room apartments in the housing market. The aim of the study is to conduct a quantitative analysis of the relationship between housing prices and apartment characteristics based on data from different districts of the city of Almaty. In addition, a forecast of price dynamics for the near future was developed based on the obtained results. The analysis was carried out in the Gretl software using correlation analysis and hedonic regression (OLS). The data were obtained from publicly available advertisements for the sale and rental of apartments and houses in the city of Almaty. The study is based on data from the largest metropolis of Kazakhstan – the city of Almaty. The results obtained allow for a deeper understanding of the patterns of price formation in the residential real estate segment and make it possible to assess potential changes in the market in the future. The study has practical significance for construction companies, analysts, and potential buyers. The analysis showed that the main factors affecting the price of three-room apartments are the district location, total area, and technical condition of the housing. The econometric analysis made it possible to quantitatively describe the relationship between price and these parameters. The constructed regression model was used to forecast prices for the coming years.

Improving the efficiency of motor transport enterprises requires considering the socio-economic consequences of road accidents. According to the Prosecutor General's Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 9.2 thousand accidents were registered in the first four months of 2025, resulting in 558 deaths and 12.5 thousand injuries. This is three times higher compared to the same period in 2023. The annual damage from road accidents amounts to 5% of the country's GDP (15 billion USD). To develop a methodology for assessing the socio-economic damage from road accidents in accordance with modern market requirements. The study analyzed the works of domestic and foreign scholars and statistical data, employing comparative analysis methods. The drawback of existing approaches is that they do not account for the differences in indicators at each stage of a person's life cycle and the cost variations of life support systems.The proposed methodology enables a more accurate assessment of damage from accidents, injuries, and disabilities.Understanding the scale of socio-economic damage allows for an objective assessment of the significance of the accident problem, determination of the resources allocated to address it, and enhancement of the effectiveness of road safety improvement programs.

The purpose of the research work is to calculate the return on investment in fixed capital as one of the main tools for the development of the tourism industry, conduct regression analysis, create a dynamic model with lags and present conclusions based on the results obtained. The scientific work examines scientific articles by scientists from near and far abroad, as collections of international organizations exploring the impact of digitalization on economic development and the tourism industry in the era of globalization. The relevance of the topic reveals the focus of the tourism sector on economic growth as one of the main tools for ensuring employment and income for millions of people, leading to an increase in economic and social indicators, solving the problems of inclusivity, introducing national and foreign cultural values, increasing the attractiveness of domestic and foreign investments, developing the tourism industry. For the purpose of creating and achieving the results of the dynamic model, data from the Statistical Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2008–2024 and the 2025 Address of the Head of State to the People of Kazakhstan, "Kazakhstan in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Solving Problems through Digital Transformation" were used. In the course of the research for the scientific article, the following research methods were applied: the Statica software package, estimation of the dynamic model and its parameters with lag, the multiple regression method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis and logical comparative methods. In conclusion, the authors arrived at the following results: a 3-year return on investment was obtained; it was established that the average lag of the model is 1.9 years; and the return from an investment of 1 million tenge in fixed capital was also calculated.

In the context of intensifying competition in the global tourism market, entrepreneurial marketing is increasingly recognized as a key instrument for enhancing the competitiveness of tourism enterprises, particularly in countries with emerging tourism industries such as Kazakhstan. The purpose of this study is to develop an authorial approach to assessing the impact of entrepreneurial marketing on the formation of unique tourism propositions (UTP) in Kazakhstan’s regions and to test this approach through a comparative regional analysis. The scientific and practical relevance of the study is driven by the need for objective tools to assess the level of marketing entrepreneurialism among tourism enterprises and its role in UTP formation. Under conditions of digitalization, a significant share of marketing activity is reflected in open online sources, enabling systematic analysis of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) without reliance on expert surveys or closed statistical data. This creates opportunities to study entrepreneurial behavior through digital footprints. The objects of the study are small and medium-sized tourism enterprises in Kazakhstan, while the subject is their entrepreneurial marketing activity in the digital environment. Methodologically, the study develops and applies the Entrepreneurial Marketing Innovativeness Index (EMI), an integrated indicator based on content analysis of publicly available digital information. The results indicate that enterprises with higher marketing innovativeness demonstrate greater product diversification, more active use of digital promotion channels, and more stable customer flow growth, confirming the critical role of entrepreneurial marketing in strengthening regional tourism competitiveness.

Financial inclusion is a key factor in sustainable economic development, especially in developing countries, where access to financial services directly impacts the economic well-being of the population. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of financial inclusion of the population and identify factors contributing to sustainable growth of key financial inclusion indicators. The focus is on four countries–Argentina, Brazil, India, and Kazakhstan–that have demonstrated stable growth in bank account penetration, borrowing, and deposit activity over the period 2014– 2024. The aim of this work is to identify patterns of financial inclusion, analyze successful government and digital initiatives, and evaluate practical measures to improve financial access for the population. The study is based on Global Findex data, national bank reports and official financial inclusion and literacy strategies to assess both quantitative and qualitative aspects of financial inclusion. The scientific significance of the work lies in the systematization and comparative analysis of the dynamics of financial inclusion, the identification of factors influencing the sustainability of growth, and the determination of the role of digitalization and institutional reforms. The practical value of the study is displayed in the possibility of adapting successful measures and tools in other developing countries, including Kazakhstan, to increase the level of financial inclusion. The study's findings demonstrate that the greatest effectiveness is achieved through the consistent implementation of comprehensive measures that combine institutional reforms, digitalization of financial services, and financial literacy programs. The results of the work can be used to develop national strategies for financial inclusion and improving the financial infrastructure.

With ongoing improvements in economic conditions, the integration of finance and science and technology has become increasingly extensive. Big data, cloud computing, blockchain, artificial intelligence, and mobile banking are rapidly developing and integrating into the financial sector. The development of the Artificial Intelligence industry is an important force shaping a new round of technological revolution and industrial innovation. Against the backdrop of accelerated digital transformation in Kazakhstan’s economy and growing interest in digitalization and artificial intelligence (AI), demand for accurate tools for capital market analysis is increasing. Volatility forecasting is a critical component of investment risk assessment, particularly in the context of an emerging financial market such as Kazakhstan’s. This study aims to analyze the impact of digitalization and AI technologies on the volatility of Kazakhstan's stock market. The empirical focus is placed on major publicly traded companies listed on the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange (KASE), such as Kaspi.kz, KazMunayGas, Kazakhtelecom, and Halyk Bank. Using methods such as correlation analysis and the «Turnover/ Free Float» indicator, this research explores the relationship between technological changes and market behavior. The findings suggest that digitalization reduces transaction costs and improves market liquidity, whereas AI enhances forecasting capabilities and investor adaptability. The academic value of this work lies in its demonstration of AI applications in emerging market environments. From a practical standpoint, the results can support digital transformation strategies, improve investment decision-making, and inform financial regulation in Kazakhstan.

The article examines the key features and trends of the transformation of the labor market in Kazakhstan in the post-pandemic period. The relevance of the study is due to the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the employment structure, forms of labor relations, labor force distribution and mechanisms of adaptation to new economic conditions. In the context of global challenges, Kazakhstan’s labor market faced the need to respond quickly to changes, including the transition to remote work, digitalization of processes and the introduction of flexible forms of employment, which significantly affected the dynamics of economic recovery. The purpose of the study is to identify the main directions of changes in the labor market, analyze the factors determining its current and future development, as well as formulate recommendations for adapting the employment system to new socio-economic realities. The paper uses methods of statistical analysis, comparative and systematic approach, as well as data from national and international statistics, analytical reports and scientific research. The results of the study show that the post-pandemic labor market is characterized by the growth of digitalization, the increasing role of flexible and nonstandard forms of employment, and increased demand for specialists in IT, logistics, and services. The necessity of modernization of the vocational education system, digital skills and active implementation of retraining programs has been identified. Special attention is paid to the issues of regional imbalance, youth employment and protection of vulnerable groups of the population. The findings can be used in the process of forming an effective state employment policy and strategic planning for the development of Kazakhstan’s labor potential in the long term.

Digitalization and the growth of informal employment are fundamentally transforming the labor market in postSoviet cities, increasing social polarization and undermining traditional institutions of social protection. The present study considers Almaty as a representative megacity, which focuses on both global trends in the gig economy and local challenges to institutional adaptation. The purpose of the study is to analyze how digital platforms and hybrid forms of employment affect the structure of the urban labor market and the reproduction of social inequality. The theoretical framework includes the concepts of platform capitalism, dual labor market, digital neoliberalism and urban stratification. The research methodology combines bibliographic analysis, interpretation of statistical data (BNS RK, OECD), as well as analysis of institutional documents and cases of labor conflicts. It was revealed that as of the first quarter of 2025, 23.1% of all employed in Kazakhstan (2.2 million people) are self-employed, while the unemployment rate of 4.6% remains sluggish amid the growth of unstable forms of work. Protest activity in the platform sector (Wolt, Yandex Go) indicates an increase in social tension.The results confirm the formation of a class of “digital precariat” of institutionally unprotected workers involved in the digital economy. The practical significance of the research is in the development of recommendations for state policy in the field of regulating platform employment, modernizing social protection and sustainable development of the urban labor market in the context of digital capitalism.

In the context of digital transformation, one of the urgent problems is the research of modern approaches to assessing the competencies of project managers necessary for the effective work of project teams. In this regard, the goal of the scientific article is to identify key competencies of project managers based on methods of content analysis of educational programs of higher education institutions in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the FuzzyAnalytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method to substantiate their weight coefficients. The results of the content analysis showed that current educational programs for training project managers lack professional, digital, communicative, and personal competencies critical for teamwork during project implementation. The absence of these competencies leads to a decrease in the efficiency of project activities and limits the readiness of graduates for the practical implementation of projects, as educational programs are often oriented predominantly towards theoretical preparation with an insufficient level of practical focus. The proposed FAHP model evaluates project manager competence according to indicators such as skill development, teamwork ability, formation of communicative and leadership qualities, as well as the ability to integrate digital innovations into the educational process. This model will allow universities to adjust educational programs taking into account practical requests in the field of training highly qualified project management specialists. Furthermore, domestic universities should transition to a competency-based training model and bring academic practice into compliance with international quality assurance standards. As a result, an effective structure of project management manager competencies will be formed, playing a key role in the employment of graduates and their adaptation in a professional project environment.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the efficiency and effectiveness of labor costs in Kazakhstan’s industrial sector. The main indicators of labor productivity, such as the volume of output, labor input per unit of time, and labor costs per unit of production, are examined. The study is conducted at three levels – enterprise, industry, and national economy – in order to identify the structure of labor costs and their impact on overall production efficiency. Special attention is given to the role of digital transformation, including automation, IIoT, ERP systems, artificial intelligence applications, and workforce retraining programs, in optimizing labor costs and enhancing productivity. The article presents real examples of Kazakhstani enterprises, such as “Asia Auto,” the Karaganda Foundry and Engineering Plant, and Eurasian Resources Group (ERG). These cases illustrate how digital technologies reduce nonproductive costs, increase per-worker output, and improve the cost-efficiency of production. At the macroeconomic level, the study examines state programs (“Digital Kazakhstan”, Industrial and Innovation Development Program) as well as international indices (WIPO Global Innovation Index, OECD digital framework assessments, IMF data) to evaluate Kazakhstan’s position in the global digital economy. Empirical findings, based on correlation and regression analysis, demonstrate that digitalization is the key driver of labor productivity growth in Kazakhstan. The results highlight that while the number of employees and working time have a positive but limited effect, the introduction of digital technologies significantly boosts efficiency and competitiveness. Thus, fostering digital transformation alongside workforce reskilling and innovation ecosystem development is essential for sustainable industrial growth and strengthening Kazakhstan’s global economic position.

Effective adaptation of managerial personnel in the public service system is a key factor in improving the professional effectiveness and sustainability of public institutions. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to improve onboarding mechanisms in Kazakhstan to reduce the risks of professional maladaptation of managers and increase managerial potential. The methodological base of the research includes a systematic and comparative analysis, as well as a content analysis of regulatory documents, adaptation programs, and methodological materials from foreign government institutions. The analysis covers organizational models, mentoring programs, digital support tools, performance evaluation mechanisms, and the integration of new managers into the corporate culture of government agencies. The analysis revealed the key factors of successful adaptation: consistency, mentoring, digital support, individualization and strategic integration. Modern trends in the adaptation of managerial personnel have also been identified: digitalization of processes, personalized approach, mentoring and peer-learning, efficiency assessment through KPIs, integration of adaptation into the human resources development strategy. Based on the conducted research, a conceptual management model for the adaptation of managerial personnel in Kazakhstan is proposed, taking into account the institutional and cultural characteristics of the national public service system. The scientific novelty of the work is to substantiate the possibility of applying an integrated approach of international experience to the adaptation of managerial personnel in Kazakhstan and to formulate management recommendations to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of the managerial potential of government agencies.

Human capital management is becoming a key factor in sustainable development, especially for retail companies operating in highly competitive environments. This study analyzes human capital management practices of successful retail companies in Kazakhstan in the context of sustainable development. The purpose of the article is to identify effective human capital management practices focused on employee development and establish their connection with organizational sustainability. The research was conducted using comparative analysis method examining the experience of Sulpak, Magnum Cash&Carry, and Kaspi.kz companies. The analysis covered key practices including investments in employee training and development, corporate culture formation, career growth opportunities, and workforce retention systems. Research results demonstrate that companies systematically investing in human capital show indicators of long-term employee retention, high customer service quality, and sustainable growth. The scientific significance of the work lies in systematizing human capital management practices within the social dimension of sustainable development context, while practical value manifests in developing specific recommendations for Kazakh retail companies. The obtained results can be applicable to organizations in other economic sectors as well. The study contributes to understanding how strategic human resource management practices drive both employee wellbeing and organizational performance, creating a foundation for sustainable business models in emerging markets.

This article examines the impact of digital public services on the transformation of country branding using Kazakhstan as a case study. In the context of accelerated digitalization, public governance increasingly functions not only as an administrative system but also as a reputational and communicative mechanism shaping national image. The study conceptualizes digital public services as branding-relevant institutional instruments that translate governance performance into perceptions of modernity, efficiency, transparency, and trust. The research is based on a qualitative methodological approach combining document analysis, qualitative content analysis, and comparative analytical interpretation. The empirical materials include international digital government indices, national policy and strategic documents, official digital government platforms, and academic literature on nation branding and digital governance. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of Kazakhstan’s integrated e-government ecosystem and its representation in international benchmarking frameworks. The findings indicate that digital public services contribute to the transformation of Kazakhstan’s country branding by reinforcing institutional and performance-based brand attributes. International digital government rankings serve as external validation mechanisms that amplify reputational effects, while the sustained development of digital services ensures their long-term credibility. The article contributes to nation branding theory by integrating digital government into the analytical framework of country branding and by highlighting the signaling and trust-building functions of digital public services, offering practical implications for policymakers seeking sustainable and credible country branding strategies in the digital era. The study contributes to the literature by integrating digital government into the analytical framework of country branding, highlighting its role as a continuous and experience-based signaling mechanism.

The article discusses the implementation of innovative marketing in the agro-industrial complex (AIC) of Kazakhstan using a network approach aimed at creating sustainable business ecosystems. These ecosystems must be capable of self-development and adaptation to changes in the external environment. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the potential of modern marketing tools – corporate social responsibility. These components are becoming an integral part of the new marketing paradigm in the agricultural sector. The theoretical foundations of innovative marketing and its role in increasing the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises, improving communication with consumers, expanding distribution channels and strengthening trust in agribusiness are considered. Based on the analysis of international experience, examples of the successful implementation of similar approaches in various countries are given, and recommendations for their adaptation to Kazakhstan's realities are proposed. Special attention is paid to existing barriers and challenges in the implementation of innovative strategies – such as a shortage of qualified personnel, underdeveloped digital infrastructure and limited investment resources. It is emphasized that network marketing can act as a powerful driver of cooperation, resource pooling and sustainable growth of agro-industrial enterprises, and also play a key role in the process of digital transformation of agriculture.

A distinctive feature of digital marketing is its interactivity, which is manifested in the successful application of digital marketing tools and their impact on engaging potential users. Visitors to digital resources should not only receive basic information but also be proficient in digital communications, possess the necessary knowledge to work with digital tools, be loyal to the leading brand, and trust the usefulness of the information received. This article examines the effectiveness of digital marketing technologies on the logistics operations of domestic enterprises. Optimization of manufacturing operations is closely linked to marketing through the effective exchange and processing of large volumes of information between all participants in the logistics chain. The purpose of this study is to determine the need for and feasibility of digital marketing technologies and to assess their impact on the logistics activities of domestic companies. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive approach, including an analysis of scientific and regulatory literature, as well as a study of international experience. To study logistics activities in the domestic manufacturing and transportation sectors, comparative and systemic analysis methods are used to assess the impact and effectiveness of digital marketing technologies. This paper, when examining concepts, evaluates the results of theoretical discussions on «digital technologies» in marketing. The results of studies of logistics management systems in manufacturing and transport fleets using digital marketing technologies are presented, using various logistics services as examples, analyzing the impact and effectiveness of these technologies on logistics performance. Digital technologies in marketing allow us to determine market demand for products, competitors’ assortment and prices, as well as the opinions and preferences of potential customers. This data is an important starting point for developing a logistics strategy and reflects the effectiveness of digital marketing technologies on logistics management results.

Kazakhstan has demonstrated significant achievements in the globalization of education and academic mobility. The country’s accession to the Bologna Process marked a turning point in internationalization and mobility. However, such active cooperation between students and universities around the world also raises concerns about the risks and implications for Kazakhstan’s educational security. Academic mobility in Kazakhstan is perceived positively, as the goals, objectives and results of the program are supported by students, universities and the scientific community. According to the authors of the study, a critical approach to assessing economic outcomes in the scientific and public spheres is also necessary when calculating the consequences of academic mobility for Kazakhstan. The research conducted by the authors shows the growing desire of Kazakhstani students to study at foreign universities. The focus group survey showed that academic mobility and the availability of international education significantly increase the desire of young people to study and subsequently move abroad. Modern global scientific research on the impact of academic mobility programs and outcomes also demonstrates the risks and dangers of losing the most talented and ambitious young people. The problem of “brain drain” is significantly exacerbated by uncontrolled academic mobility. The lack of a government-sponsored objective cost analysis and conclusions drawn from student academic mobility programs makes it impossible to assess the benefits of these educational programs for the country and its economy. Further economic analysis is needed, assessing the costs in terms of the economic impact and benefits of academic mobility programs for the country and society.

The United Nations recognized creative economy as one of the fastest growing sectors. The sector not only employs 30 million people worldwide, but also provides more jobs for young people than any other area of employment. The study was conducted within the 5-year “Creative Spark” program funded by the British Council and implemented in the countries of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan), South Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia) and Ukraine. The program aimed at strengthening partnerships between universities and creative institutions in the UK and participating countries, developing entrepreneurial skills among young people and increasing their English level proficiency. Kazakhstan places a special importance on development of creative industries and approved the “Concept for the Development of Creative Industries for 2021–2025” [1]. In order to keep pace with the government’s initiatives and international trends, higher education institutions in Kazakhstan need to provide educational programmes to prepare future leaders for creative industries. The first step in this process is to identify current situation and demand for educational programmes in creative economy. This is the aim of the study. The methods employed in the study are in-depth interviews with experts and surveying applicants to Kazakh American Free University located in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Eastern Kazakhstan. The results of the study show that the demand for creative industries is not completely formed and strong promotion is needed in order to popularize this sector. Some recommendations for higher education institutions in Kazakhstan include the development of double degree programs with the US and the UK universities in web design, brand management and advertising.